BIOL 3446 – Exam # 2 Review
Chapter 6- 20 MC questions (1 image)
Chapter 7- 15 MC questions variability (no images)
Chapter 8- 15 MC questions (images)
Chapter 9- 10 MC questions (images)
READ THE QUESTIONS
Function
Support
Protection
Assistance in movement
Mineral storage and release
Blood cell production
Triglyceride storage (yellow marrow)
Types of Bones
Long bones have greater length than width and consist of a diaphysis (body or shaft) and a
variable number of epiphyses or extremities (ends). They are slightly curved for strength. A
curved bone absorbs the strain of the body’s weight at several different points so that it is
evenly distributed. If such bones were straight, the weight of the body would be unevenly
distributed and the bone would fracture easily. Long bones consist mostly of compact bone
tissue, which is dense and has smaller spaces, but they also contain considerable amounts
of spongy bone tissue, which has larger spaces (see Figure 6.4). Long bones include the
humerus (arm bone), ulna and radius (forearm bones), femur (thigh bone), tibia and fibula (leg
bones), metacarpals (hand bones), metatarsals (foot bones), and phalanges (finger and toe
bones).
Short bones are somewhat cube-shaped and nearly equal in length, width, and depth. They
consist of spongy bone except at the surface, where there is a thin layer of compact bone.
Examples of short bones are most carpal (wrist) bones and most tarsal (ankle) bones.
Flat bones are generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone
enclosing a layer of spongy bone. The layers of compact bone are called external and
internal tables. In cranial bones, the spongy bone is referred to as diploë (DIP-lō-ē) (see Figure
6.6). Flat bones afford considerable protection and provide extensive areas for muscle
attachment. They include the skull bones which protect the brain, and the sternum
(breastbone) and ribs, which protect organs in the thorax.
Irregular bones have complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any of the three categories
just described. They also vary in the amounts of spongy and compact bone they contain. Such
bones include the vertebrae (backbones), certain facial bones, and the calcaneus (heel bone).
Sesamoid bones (SES-a-moyd = shaped like a sesame seed) develop in certain tendons where
there is considerable friction, compression, and physical strain. They are not always completely
ossified and measure only a few millimeters to centimeters in diameter except for the two
patellae (kneecaps), the largest of the sesamoid bones. Sesamoid bones vary in number from
person to person except for the patellae, which are located in the quadriceps femoris tendon
(see Figure 11.24a, b) and are normally present in all individuals. Functionally, sesamoid bones
,protect tendons from excessive wear and tear, and they can alter the direction of pull of a
tendon, which improves the mechanical advantage at a joint.
In the upper limbs, sesamoid bones usually occur only in the joints of the palmar surface of the
hands. Two frequently encountered sesamoid bones are in the tendons of the adductor pollicis
and flexor pollicis brevis muscles at the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb (see Figure
8.6a). In the lower limbs, there are two constant sesamoid bones in addition to the patellae;
these occur on the plantar surface of each foot in the tendons of the flexor hallucis brevis
muscle at the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great (big) toe (see Figure 8.12b).
Pneumatized (NOO-ma-tīzed; pneumo = air or breath) bones are bones that contain mucous
membrane-lined air spaces. They are found only in the skull. Examples include the sphenoid,
ethmoid, frontal, and maxillary bones (which contain spaces called paranasal sinuses) and the
mastoid process of the temporal bone, all of which will be studied later in the chapter. An
additional type of bone is not classified by shape, but rather by location. Sutural bones (SOO-
chur-al; sutura = seam) are small bones of the flat bone type that are located within the sutures
(joints) of certain cranial cavity bones (see Figure 7.5a). The number of sutural bones varies
greatly from person to person.
Compare and contrast spongy & compact bone
Compact bone tissue is composed of repeating structural units called osteons, or haversian
systems. Each osteon consists of concentric bone lamellae arranged around an osteonic
(haversian or central) canal. Resembling the growth rings of a tree, the concentric bone
,lamellae are circular plates of mineralized extracellular matrix of increasing diameter,
surrounding a small network of blood vessels and nerves located in the osteonic canal. These
tube-like units of bone generally form a series of parallel cylinders that, in long bones, tend to
run parallel to the long axis of the bone. Between the bone concentric bone lamellae are small
spaces called bone lacuna, which contain osteocytes. Radiating in all directions from the bone
lacunae are tiny bone canaliculi which are filled with extracellular fluid. Inside the bone
canaliculi are slender fingerlike processes of osteocytes
In contrast to compact bone tissue, spongy bone tissue, also referred to
as trabecular or cancellous bone tissue, does not contain osteons. Spongy bone tissue is always
located in the interior of a bone, protected by a covering of compact bone. It consists of bone
lamellae that are arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns called
bone trabeculae Between the bone trabeculae are spaces that are visible to the unaided eye.
These macroscopic spaces are lined by endosteum and are filled with red bone marrow in
bones that produce blood cells, and yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) in other bones. Both
types of bone marrow contain numerous small blood vessels that provide nourishment to the
osteocytes. Each bone trabecula consists of concentric bone lamellae, osteocytes that lie in
bone lacunae, and bone canaliculi that radiate outward from the bone lacunae.
, Structures of osteon
Bone tissue cells & function (osteoclasts, osteocytes, osteoblasts)
Chapter 6- 20 MC questions (1 image)
Chapter 7- 15 MC questions variability (no images)
Chapter 8- 15 MC questions (images)
Chapter 9- 10 MC questions (images)
READ THE QUESTIONS
Function
Support
Protection
Assistance in movement
Mineral storage and release
Blood cell production
Triglyceride storage (yellow marrow)
Types of Bones
Long bones have greater length than width and consist of a diaphysis (body or shaft) and a
variable number of epiphyses or extremities (ends). They are slightly curved for strength. A
curved bone absorbs the strain of the body’s weight at several different points so that it is
evenly distributed. If such bones were straight, the weight of the body would be unevenly
distributed and the bone would fracture easily. Long bones consist mostly of compact bone
tissue, which is dense and has smaller spaces, but they also contain considerable amounts
of spongy bone tissue, which has larger spaces (see Figure 6.4). Long bones include the
humerus (arm bone), ulna and radius (forearm bones), femur (thigh bone), tibia and fibula (leg
bones), metacarpals (hand bones), metatarsals (foot bones), and phalanges (finger and toe
bones).
Short bones are somewhat cube-shaped and nearly equal in length, width, and depth. They
consist of spongy bone except at the surface, where there is a thin layer of compact bone.
Examples of short bones are most carpal (wrist) bones and most tarsal (ankle) bones.
Flat bones are generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone
enclosing a layer of spongy bone. The layers of compact bone are called external and
internal tables. In cranial bones, the spongy bone is referred to as diploë (DIP-lō-ē) (see Figure
6.6). Flat bones afford considerable protection and provide extensive areas for muscle
attachment. They include the skull bones which protect the brain, and the sternum
(breastbone) and ribs, which protect organs in the thorax.
Irregular bones have complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any of the three categories
just described. They also vary in the amounts of spongy and compact bone they contain. Such
bones include the vertebrae (backbones), certain facial bones, and the calcaneus (heel bone).
Sesamoid bones (SES-a-moyd = shaped like a sesame seed) develop in certain tendons where
there is considerable friction, compression, and physical strain. They are not always completely
ossified and measure only a few millimeters to centimeters in diameter except for the two
patellae (kneecaps), the largest of the sesamoid bones. Sesamoid bones vary in number from
person to person except for the patellae, which are located in the quadriceps femoris tendon
(see Figure 11.24a, b) and are normally present in all individuals. Functionally, sesamoid bones
,protect tendons from excessive wear and tear, and they can alter the direction of pull of a
tendon, which improves the mechanical advantage at a joint.
In the upper limbs, sesamoid bones usually occur only in the joints of the palmar surface of the
hands. Two frequently encountered sesamoid bones are in the tendons of the adductor pollicis
and flexor pollicis brevis muscles at the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb (see Figure
8.6a). In the lower limbs, there are two constant sesamoid bones in addition to the patellae;
these occur on the plantar surface of each foot in the tendons of the flexor hallucis brevis
muscle at the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great (big) toe (see Figure 8.12b).
Pneumatized (NOO-ma-tīzed; pneumo = air or breath) bones are bones that contain mucous
membrane-lined air spaces. They are found only in the skull. Examples include the sphenoid,
ethmoid, frontal, and maxillary bones (which contain spaces called paranasal sinuses) and the
mastoid process of the temporal bone, all of which will be studied later in the chapter. An
additional type of bone is not classified by shape, but rather by location. Sutural bones (SOO-
chur-al; sutura = seam) are small bones of the flat bone type that are located within the sutures
(joints) of certain cranial cavity bones (see Figure 7.5a). The number of sutural bones varies
greatly from person to person.
Compare and contrast spongy & compact bone
Compact bone tissue is composed of repeating structural units called osteons, or haversian
systems. Each osteon consists of concentric bone lamellae arranged around an osteonic
(haversian or central) canal. Resembling the growth rings of a tree, the concentric bone
,lamellae are circular plates of mineralized extracellular matrix of increasing diameter,
surrounding a small network of blood vessels and nerves located in the osteonic canal. These
tube-like units of bone generally form a series of parallel cylinders that, in long bones, tend to
run parallel to the long axis of the bone. Between the bone concentric bone lamellae are small
spaces called bone lacuna, which contain osteocytes. Radiating in all directions from the bone
lacunae are tiny bone canaliculi which are filled with extracellular fluid. Inside the bone
canaliculi are slender fingerlike processes of osteocytes
In contrast to compact bone tissue, spongy bone tissue, also referred to
as trabecular or cancellous bone tissue, does not contain osteons. Spongy bone tissue is always
located in the interior of a bone, protected by a covering of compact bone. It consists of bone
lamellae that are arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns called
bone trabeculae Between the bone trabeculae are spaces that are visible to the unaided eye.
These macroscopic spaces are lined by endosteum and are filled with red bone marrow in
bones that produce blood cells, and yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) in other bones. Both
types of bone marrow contain numerous small blood vessels that provide nourishment to the
osteocytes. Each bone trabecula consists of concentric bone lamellae, osteocytes that lie in
bone lacunae, and bone canaliculi that radiate outward from the bone lacunae.
, Structures of osteon
Bone tissue cells & function (osteoclasts, osteocytes, osteoblasts)
