TABLE OF CONTENT
UNIT – I
INTRODUCTION
Introduction- Meaning & Definition of Research-Objectives Of Research- 1.1 – 1.35
Description -explanation - Modeling - Control – Forecasting. Nature of Research-
Characteristics Of Research. Reliability –Validity-Credibility -Generalizability –
Empirical-Systematic-Controlled. Motivation in Research. Research approaches-
Quantitative approach-Qualitative approach. Qualitative VS Quantitative.
Significance of Research. Criteria for Good Research. Limitations of Research-
Business Research-Character tics of Business Research-Significance of Business
Research- Limitations of Business Research- Research Process - Types of
Research- Research Is an Evolutionary Perspective. Research problem-
Components of Research Problem. Techniques involved in Defining a problem
(OR) Steps in defining a problem- Literature Search Procedure- Bibliographies-
Research Hypothesis- Characteristics of hypothesis- Types of Hypothesis -
Parametric vs. non-parametric tests-Procedure for Testing Hypothesis-role of
theory of research -hypothesis vs theory.
Review Question 1.36
UNIT – II
RESEARCH DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT
Research Design-Meaning-Definition-Features of a Good Design-Factors 2.1-2.33
Affecting Research Design-Need for Research Design-Concepts Relating to
Research Design-Types of Research Design- Variables In Research- Measurement
-Level’s of Measurement-Measurement Scales-Tests of Sound Measurement-
Scaling-Meaning-Scale Classification Bases-Important Scaling Techniques-
Validity and reliability of instrument -Validity of findings - internal and external
validity-Factors influencing experiments validity .
Review Question 2.34-2.35
UNIT – III
DATA COLLECTION
INTRODUCTION-Types Of Data. Primary data- Secondary data-advantages of 3.1-3.37
Primary data and Secondary Data. Disadvantages of Primary data and Secondary
Data. Sources - Characteristics of Secondary Data-Evaluation of Secondary Data-
Data Collection methods- Methods Of Primary Data Collection- Steps in
Construction Of Questionnaire- types of Questionnaire-Requirement Of Good
Questionnaire-Validity Of Questionnaire- Construction Of Questionnaire And
,Instrument- Difference between Questionnaire and Schedule- Types of Schedule-
Preparation of Schedule-Significance of Schedule Method-Limitations of the
Schedule- Sampling Plan -sample size-Sampling techniques / sampling methods-
Probability vs non–probability sampling methods-Objectives of Sampling-Process
of Sampling- Process of Sampling- Sampling Techniques / Sampling Methods-
Probability Vs Non–Probability Sampling Methods
Review Question 3.38
UNIT – IV
DATA PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS
Data Preparation and Analysis-Importance of Data processing-Validity of Data- 4.1-4.60
Editing of data - Coding Of Data- Essentials of coding-Classification of Data-
Types of Classification -Principles in Classification of data-Data Entry-Tabulation
of Data- Types of Tables- Rules of Tabulation-Problem in Data Processing-
Problems in data processing include following errors-Data Analysis-Objectives of
Data Analysis-Application of statistical software for data analysis.
Review Question 4.61-4.62
UNIT – V
REPORT DESIGN, WRITING AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS
RESEARCH
Report Design, Writing And Ethics In Business Research-Meaning- Report- 5.1-5.29
Definition-Research Report –Definition-Objectives of Report-Significance of
Research report-Importance of Reports-Types of reports-Contents of report-The
researcher must keep in mind that his research report must contain following
aspects-Executive Summary-Need of Executive Summary-Report Writing-
Principles of good report writing-Different Steps in Report Writing-The role of
audience
Readability -Comprehensibility-Tone-Final proof-Title of the report-Report
format-Layout of The Research Report-Precautions-Ethics in behaviour-
introduction-principles of ethics-ethical behavior- principles of report writing.
Review Question 5.30
Appendix-A Two Mark Questions With Answers App-A.1
, 1
Unit
INTRODUCTION
MEANING & DEFINITION OF RESEARCH:
Research, a somewhat intimating term for some, is simply the process of finding solutions
to problem after a thorough study and analysis of situational factors.
1) Redman and Mory defines research as a ―systematized effort to gain new knowledge‖.
2) According to Fred N. Kerlinger (2004) scientific research is systematic controlled,
empirical &critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed
relations among the natural phenomenon.
3) According to Kothari (2002) Research is a systematic investigation to find solution to
a problem.
4) According to John W.Best (2002) Research may to define as systematic and objective
analysis of controlled observations that may lead to development of organizations,
principles & possibility ultimate control of events.
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of
scientific procedures. The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and which
has not been discovered as yet. Though each research study has its own specific purpose, we may
think of research objectives as falling into a number of following broad groupings:
1) To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it (studies with
this object in view are termed as exploratory or formulative research studies);
2) To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group
(studies with this object in view are known as descriptive research studies);
3) To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is
associated with something else (studies with this object in view are known as
diagnostic research studies);
4) To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables (such studies are known
as hypothesis-testing research studies).
, 1.2 Research Methodology
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
There are 5 general objectives that research - in general and more specifically about
processes - may attempt to achieve. They are
1) Description
2) Explanation
3) Forecasting
4) Control
5) Modeling
These objectives are not completely independent from each other, for the explanation of a
phenomenon relies in part on its description; its forecast requires a detailed explanation, and so
on. But researchers may concentrate on one or the other aspect. Most important, the objective
pursued will affect the tools and techniques employed for the analyses.
1) Description is most often an exploratory phase undertaken using graphical
representations and statistical measures that are not inferential,
2) While explanation involves precise hypotheses to be confronted and employs
inferential statistical tests.
3) Modeling is the latest, broadest objective. It requires that the descriptive and
explanatory phases brought sufficient information and knowledge about the system, so
to build a model that synthetically gathers the various variables in a coherent and
parsimonious way.
4) Control is an objective rarely set in psychological research (for it brings important
ethical considerations), and
5) Forecasting is just a little more frequent. We will not address these two objectives in
this work.
NATURE OF RESEARCH
1) Research is a systematic and critical investigation into a phenomenon
2) It is not a mere compilation but a purposive investigation.
3) It aims at describing, interpreting and explaining a phenomenon.
4) It adopts scientific method.
5) It is objective and logical, applying possible tests to validate the measuring tools and
the conclusions reached.
6) It is based upon observable experience or empirical evidence.
7) Research is directed towards finding answers to pertinent questions and solutions to
problems.
8) It emphasizes the development of generalization principles or theories.
UNIT – I
INTRODUCTION
Introduction- Meaning & Definition of Research-Objectives Of Research- 1.1 – 1.35
Description -explanation - Modeling - Control – Forecasting. Nature of Research-
Characteristics Of Research. Reliability –Validity-Credibility -Generalizability –
Empirical-Systematic-Controlled. Motivation in Research. Research approaches-
Quantitative approach-Qualitative approach. Qualitative VS Quantitative.
Significance of Research. Criteria for Good Research. Limitations of Research-
Business Research-Character tics of Business Research-Significance of Business
Research- Limitations of Business Research- Research Process - Types of
Research- Research Is an Evolutionary Perspective. Research problem-
Components of Research Problem. Techniques involved in Defining a problem
(OR) Steps in defining a problem- Literature Search Procedure- Bibliographies-
Research Hypothesis- Characteristics of hypothesis- Types of Hypothesis -
Parametric vs. non-parametric tests-Procedure for Testing Hypothesis-role of
theory of research -hypothesis vs theory.
Review Question 1.36
UNIT – II
RESEARCH DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT
Research Design-Meaning-Definition-Features of a Good Design-Factors 2.1-2.33
Affecting Research Design-Need for Research Design-Concepts Relating to
Research Design-Types of Research Design- Variables In Research- Measurement
-Level’s of Measurement-Measurement Scales-Tests of Sound Measurement-
Scaling-Meaning-Scale Classification Bases-Important Scaling Techniques-
Validity and reliability of instrument -Validity of findings - internal and external
validity-Factors influencing experiments validity .
Review Question 2.34-2.35
UNIT – III
DATA COLLECTION
INTRODUCTION-Types Of Data. Primary data- Secondary data-advantages of 3.1-3.37
Primary data and Secondary Data. Disadvantages of Primary data and Secondary
Data. Sources - Characteristics of Secondary Data-Evaluation of Secondary Data-
Data Collection methods- Methods Of Primary Data Collection- Steps in
Construction Of Questionnaire- types of Questionnaire-Requirement Of Good
Questionnaire-Validity Of Questionnaire- Construction Of Questionnaire And
,Instrument- Difference between Questionnaire and Schedule- Types of Schedule-
Preparation of Schedule-Significance of Schedule Method-Limitations of the
Schedule- Sampling Plan -sample size-Sampling techniques / sampling methods-
Probability vs non–probability sampling methods-Objectives of Sampling-Process
of Sampling- Process of Sampling- Sampling Techniques / Sampling Methods-
Probability Vs Non–Probability Sampling Methods
Review Question 3.38
UNIT – IV
DATA PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS
Data Preparation and Analysis-Importance of Data processing-Validity of Data- 4.1-4.60
Editing of data - Coding Of Data- Essentials of coding-Classification of Data-
Types of Classification -Principles in Classification of data-Data Entry-Tabulation
of Data- Types of Tables- Rules of Tabulation-Problem in Data Processing-
Problems in data processing include following errors-Data Analysis-Objectives of
Data Analysis-Application of statistical software for data analysis.
Review Question 4.61-4.62
UNIT – V
REPORT DESIGN, WRITING AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS
RESEARCH
Report Design, Writing And Ethics In Business Research-Meaning- Report- 5.1-5.29
Definition-Research Report –Definition-Objectives of Report-Significance of
Research report-Importance of Reports-Types of reports-Contents of report-The
researcher must keep in mind that his research report must contain following
aspects-Executive Summary-Need of Executive Summary-Report Writing-
Principles of good report writing-Different Steps in Report Writing-The role of
audience
Readability -Comprehensibility-Tone-Final proof-Title of the report-Report
format-Layout of The Research Report-Precautions-Ethics in behaviour-
introduction-principles of ethics-ethical behavior- principles of report writing.
Review Question 5.30
Appendix-A Two Mark Questions With Answers App-A.1
, 1
Unit
INTRODUCTION
MEANING & DEFINITION OF RESEARCH:
Research, a somewhat intimating term for some, is simply the process of finding solutions
to problem after a thorough study and analysis of situational factors.
1) Redman and Mory defines research as a ―systematized effort to gain new knowledge‖.
2) According to Fred N. Kerlinger (2004) scientific research is systematic controlled,
empirical &critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed
relations among the natural phenomenon.
3) According to Kothari (2002) Research is a systematic investigation to find solution to
a problem.
4) According to John W.Best (2002) Research may to define as systematic and objective
analysis of controlled observations that may lead to development of organizations,
principles & possibility ultimate control of events.
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of
scientific procedures. The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and which
has not been discovered as yet. Though each research study has its own specific purpose, we may
think of research objectives as falling into a number of following broad groupings:
1) To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it (studies with
this object in view are termed as exploratory or formulative research studies);
2) To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group
(studies with this object in view are known as descriptive research studies);
3) To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is
associated with something else (studies with this object in view are known as
diagnostic research studies);
4) To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables (such studies are known
as hypothesis-testing research studies).
, 1.2 Research Methodology
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
There are 5 general objectives that research - in general and more specifically about
processes - may attempt to achieve. They are
1) Description
2) Explanation
3) Forecasting
4) Control
5) Modeling
These objectives are not completely independent from each other, for the explanation of a
phenomenon relies in part on its description; its forecast requires a detailed explanation, and so
on. But researchers may concentrate on one or the other aspect. Most important, the objective
pursued will affect the tools and techniques employed for the analyses.
1) Description is most often an exploratory phase undertaken using graphical
representations and statistical measures that are not inferential,
2) While explanation involves precise hypotheses to be confronted and employs
inferential statistical tests.
3) Modeling is the latest, broadest objective. It requires that the descriptive and
explanatory phases brought sufficient information and knowledge about the system, so
to build a model that synthetically gathers the various variables in a coherent and
parsimonious way.
4) Control is an objective rarely set in psychological research (for it brings important
ethical considerations), and
5) Forecasting is just a little more frequent. We will not address these two objectives in
this work.
NATURE OF RESEARCH
1) Research is a systematic and critical investigation into a phenomenon
2) It is not a mere compilation but a purposive investigation.
3) It aims at describing, interpreting and explaining a phenomenon.
4) It adopts scientific method.
5) It is objective and logical, applying possible tests to validate the measuring tools and
the conclusions reached.
6) It is based upon observable experience or empirical evidence.
7) Research is directed towards finding answers to pertinent questions and solutions to
problems.
8) It emphasizes the development of generalization principles or theories.
