"Foundations of
Biology: From
Fundamentals to
Laboratory Skills"
Ms. Crystal Dela Cruz
,Table of contents
1. Introduction to Biology
• Fundamentals of Biology: Covers the
basics of biological principles, including cell
structure and function, metabolism, and
genetics.
• Scientific Method: Understanding how to
conduct experiments, analyze data, and draw
conclusions.
2. Cell Biology
• Cell Structure and Function: Detailed
study of the components of cells, such as the
nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes.
• Cell Metabolism: Processes like glycolysis,
Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
• Cell Communication and Signaling: How
cells communicate with each other through
chemical signals and receptors.
3. Genetics
• Molecular Genetics: DNA structure and
function, gene expression, and regulation.
• Mendelian Genetics: Principles of
inheritance, including Mendel’s laws and
genetic crosses.
• Genetic Technologies: Techniques such as
PCR, CRISPR, and genetic engineering.
4. Evolution and Ecology
2
, • Evolutionary Biology: The theory of
evolution, natural selection, and speciation.
• Population Genetics: Genetic variation
within populations and how it changes over
time.
• Ecology: Interactions between organisms
and their environments, ecosystems, and
biodiversity.
5. Physiology
• Human Physiology: Functioning of human
body systems such as the nervous,
circulatory, respiratory, and digestive
systems.
• Comparative Physiology: Examines how
different organisms meet similar needs in
various ways.
6. Developmental Biology
• Embryology: Development of an organism
from a fertilized egg to its mature form.
• Differentiation and Morphogenesis: How
cells become specialized and tissues and
organs form.
7. Microbiology
• Bacteriology: Study of bacteria, including
their physiology, genetics, and roles in
disease.
• Virology: Study of viruses and their
interactions with host cells.
• Immunology: How organisms defend
against pathogens.
8. Biochemistry
3
, • Macromolecules: Structure and function of
proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and
lipids.
• Enzymes: Mechanisms of enzyme action,
kinetics, and regulation.
• Metabolic Pathways: Integrated processes
of catabolism and anabolism.
9. Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
• Genomics and Proteomics: Large-scale
analysis of genomes and proteomes.
• Biotechnological Applications: Use of
organisms and biological systems in
technology.
• Bioinformatics Tools: Computational
methods for analyzing biological data.
10. Laboratory Skills
• Experimental Techniques: Hands-on
experience with techniques such as
microscopy, electrophoresis,
chromatography, and spectrophotometry.
• Data Analysis: Statistical methods and
software used to analyze biological data.
• Research Projects: Designing and
conducting independent research projects.
4
Biology: From
Fundamentals to
Laboratory Skills"
Ms. Crystal Dela Cruz
,Table of contents
1. Introduction to Biology
• Fundamentals of Biology: Covers the
basics of biological principles, including cell
structure and function, metabolism, and
genetics.
• Scientific Method: Understanding how to
conduct experiments, analyze data, and draw
conclusions.
2. Cell Biology
• Cell Structure and Function: Detailed
study of the components of cells, such as the
nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes.
• Cell Metabolism: Processes like glycolysis,
Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
• Cell Communication and Signaling: How
cells communicate with each other through
chemical signals and receptors.
3. Genetics
• Molecular Genetics: DNA structure and
function, gene expression, and regulation.
• Mendelian Genetics: Principles of
inheritance, including Mendel’s laws and
genetic crosses.
• Genetic Technologies: Techniques such as
PCR, CRISPR, and genetic engineering.
4. Evolution and Ecology
2
, • Evolutionary Biology: The theory of
evolution, natural selection, and speciation.
• Population Genetics: Genetic variation
within populations and how it changes over
time.
• Ecology: Interactions between organisms
and their environments, ecosystems, and
biodiversity.
5. Physiology
• Human Physiology: Functioning of human
body systems such as the nervous,
circulatory, respiratory, and digestive
systems.
• Comparative Physiology: Examines how
different organisms meet similar needs in
various ways.
6. Developmental Biology
• Embryology: Development of an organism
from a fertilized egg to its mature form.
• Differentiation and Morphogenesis: How
cells become specialized and tissues and
organs form.
7. Microbiology
• Bacteriology: Study of bacteria, including
their physiology, genetics, and roles in
disease.
• Virology: Study of viruses and their
interactions with host cells.
• Immunology: How organisms defend
against pathogens.
8. Biochemistry
3
, • Macromolecules: Structure and function of
proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and
lipids.
• Enzymes: Mechanisms of enzyme action,
kinetics, and regulation.
• Metabolic Pathways: Integrated processes
of catabolism and anabolism.
9. Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
• Genomics and Proteomics: Large-scale
analysis of genomes and proteomes.
• Biotechnological Applications: Use of
organisms and biological systems in
technology.
• Bioinformatics Tools: Computational
methods for analyzing biological data.
10. Laboratory Skills
• Experimental Techniques: Hands-on
experience with techniques such as
microscopy, electrophoresis,
chromatography, and spectrophotometry.
• Data Analysis: Statistical methods and
software used to analyze biological data.
• Research Projects: Designing and
conducting independent research projects.
4
