Summary Social Media: Risks &
Opportunities
By Joy Mennings
Lecture 1 (24/10/2023)..........................................................................................................................5
Introduction........................................................................................................................................5
Lecture 2 (26/10/2023)..........................................................................................................................5
Online prosocial behaviour.................................................................................................................5
Why do (and don’t) we help?.........................................................................................................5
Media and antisocial behaviour......................................................................................................5
Feel Good, Do Good Online? (Erreygers et al., 2018)......................................................................6
Broaden and Build Theory..........................................................................................................6
Moods on the move....................................................................................................................6
The study....................................................................................................................................7
Shyness and online prosocial behaviour (Guo, Sun & Li, 2018).......................................................7
Shyness and online interaction...................................................................................................8
The study....................................................................................................................................8
Personalized messages and online prosocial behaviour (Bartsch & Kloß, 2019).............................9
Involvement and self-referencing...............................................................................................9
The study....................................................................................................................................9
Take-aways....................................................................................................................................10
Lecture 3 (31/10/2023)........................................................................................................................10
Experiencing online aggression........................................................................................................10
Who is the perpetrator? (Pabian et al., 2015)...............................................................................11
Dark Triad..................................................................................................................................11
The study..................................................................................................................................11
Theory of Planned Behaviour (Pabian & Vandebosch, 2014)........................................................12
Profiling perpetrators................................................................................................................12
Underlying beliefs.....................................................................................................................12
This study..................................................................................................................................13
What does it mean for victims? (Pabian & Vandebosch, 2021)....................................................14
This study..................................................................................................................................14
Lecture 4 (2/11/2023)..........................................................................................................................15
Online connectedness (Ryan et al., 2017).........................................................................................15
1
, Social capital.................................................................................................................................15
Social media and SNS................................................................................................................16
Social capital and Facebook......................................................................................................16
Sense of community.....................................................................................................................16
Loneliness.....................................................................................................................................17
Role of motivation....................................................................................................................17
Loneliness on social media.......................................................................................................17
Social connectedness – why do these insights matter?................................................................17
Parasocial relationships (Baek et al., 2013)...................................................................................18
Social relationship versus parasocial relationship.....................................................................18
This study..................................................................................................................................18
Conclusion....................................................................................................................................19
Lecture 5 (7/11/2023)..........................................................................................................................19
Identity and Self-Presentation..........................................................................................................19
Self-Presentation and Stigmatized Identities (DeVito et al., 2018)................................................19
Personal social media ecosystem..............................................................................................19
Self-presentation......................................................................................................................20
LGBTQ+ on social media............................................................................................................20
This study..................................................................................................................................20
Body Image (Nelson et al., 2022)..................................................................................................22
Self-Objectification Theory.......................................................................................................22
Body positivity..........................................................................................................................22
This study..................................................................................................................................23
Gender and body image............................................................................................................23
Wrapping up.................................................................................................................................24
Lecture 6 (9/11/2023)..........................................................................................................................24
Witnessing online aggression?.........................................................................................................24
Being a bystander of online aggression........................................................................................24
Predictors of bystander behaviour (Van Cleemput et al., 2014)...................................................24
Socio-cognitive processes in bystander behaviour.......................................................................25
Measuring bystander behaviour (Van Cleemput et al., 2014).......................................................26
This study..................................................................................................................................26
What are the effects of mere exposure to cyberbullying as a witness? (Pabian et al., 2016).......27
Desensitization..........................................................................................................................27
This study..................................................................................................................................27
Lecture 7 (14/11/2023)........................................................................................................................29
2
, Celebrity bashing..............................................................................................................................29
Aggression towards celebrities.....................................................................................................29
Who is involved in this risk behaviour? (Ouvrein et al., 2018)......................................................29
Cultivation theory.....................................................................................................................29
The role of norms.....................................................................................................................29
Social learning theory...............................................................................................................30
Role models and primary groups of adolescents......................................................................30
This study..................................................................................................................................30
How do victims experience celebrity bashing? (Ouvrein et al., 2021)..........................................32
The experience of celebrity bashing.........................................................................................32
Coping with celebrity bashing...................................................................................................32
This study..................................................................................................................................32
Lecture 8 – Guest lecture (21/11/2023)...............................................................................................33
Online Hate Speech & Content Moderation.....................................................................................33
What is online hate speech?.........................................................................................................33
Is hate speech a crime?................................................................................................................33
What makes people post hate speech?........................................................................................34
Ecological perspective...............................................................................................................34
Social media as sociotechnical systems........................................................................................35
Digital affordances....................................................................................................................35
Angry by design........................................................................................................................36
What to do against hate speech?..................................................................................................36
Automated content moderation...............................................................................................36
Is content moderation mandatory?..........................................................................................37
Creating prosocial digital environments.......................................................................................37
Counter speech.........................................................................................................................38
Reflective interfaces..................................................................................................................38
Lecture 9 (23/11/2023)........................................................................................................................38
Online Activism.................................................................................................................................38
Forms of activism..........................................................................................................................38
Social media activism....................................................................................................................38
Dueling views............................................................................................................................38
Hashtag activism...........................................................................................................................39
Case studies..............................................................................................................................39
Evaluating hashtag activism..........................................................................................................39
Liveness....................................................................................................................................39
3
, Burstiness.................................................................................................................................40
Conclusions...............................................................................................................................40
The challenge of noise (Lindgren, 2019).......................................................................................41
This study..................................................................................................................................41
Conclusions...................................................................................................................................41
Lecture 10 (28/11/2023).......................................................................................................................41
Privacy and social media...................................................................................................................41
Privacy as a changing idea............................................................................................................41
Privacy and surveillance............................................................................................................42
Takeaways so far.......................................................................................................................42
The privacy paradox......................................................................................................................42
Background...............................................................................................................................42
Early research...........................................................................................................................42
Pre-social media research.........................................................................................................43
Explaining the privacy paradox (Hargittai & Marwick, 2016)....................................................43
Sharenting.....................................................................................................................................44
Communication Privacy Management Theory (CPM)...............................................................44
This study (Walrave et al., 2022)...............................................................................................44
Takeaways.....................................................................................................................................46
Lecture 11 (30/11/2023).......................................................................................................................46
Parental mediation...........................................................................................................................46
From childhood to adolescence....................................................................................................46
Parental mediation.......................................................................................................................47
This study (Steinfeld, 2020).......................................................................................................48
Acceptance of parental authority.................................................................................................48
Communication style and acceptance of authority...................................................................48
This study (Symons et al., 2020)...............................................................................................49
Examples of exam questions.................................................................................................................50
4
Opportunities
By Joy Mennings
Lecture 1 (24/10/2023)..........................................................................................................................5
Introduction........................................................................................................................................5
Lecture 2 (26/10/2023)..........................................................................................................................5
Online prosocial behaviour.................................................................................................................5
Why do (and don’t) we help?.........................................................................................................5
Media and antisocial behaviour......................................................................................................5
Feel Good, Do Good Online? (Erreygers et al., 2018)......................................................................6
Broaden and Build Theory..........................................................................................................6
Moods on the move....................................................................................................................6
The study....................................................................................................................................7
Shyness and online prosocial behaviour (Guo, Sun & Li, 2018).......................................................7
Shyness and online interaction...................................................................................................8
The study....................................................................................................................................8
Personalized messages and online prosocial behaviour (Bartsch & Kloß, 2019).............................9
Involvement and self-referencing...............................................................................................9
The study....................................................................................................................................9
Take-aways....................................................................................................................................10
Lecture 3 (31/10/2023)........................................................................................................................10
Experiencing online aggression........................................................................................................10
Who is the perpetrator? (Pabian et al., 2015)...............................................................................11
Dark Triad..................................................................................................................................11
The study..................................................................................................................................11
Theory of Planned Behaviour (Pabian & Vandebosch, 2014)........................................................12
Profiling perpetrators................................................................................................................12
Underlying beliefs.....................................................................................................................12
This study..................................................................................................................................13
What does it mean for victims? (Pabian & Vandebosch, 2021)....................................................14
This study..................................................................................................................................14
Lecture 4 (2/11/2023)..........................................................................................................................15
Online connectedness (Ryan et al., 2017).........................................................................................15
1
, Social capital.................................................................................................................................15
Social media and SNS................................................................................................................16
Social capital and Facebook......................................................................................................16
Sense of community.....................................................................................................................16
Loneliness.....................................................................................................................................17
Role of motivation....................................................................................................................17
Loneliness on social media.......................................................................................................17
Social connectedness – why do these insights matter?................................................................17
Parasocial relationships (Baek et al., 2013)...................................................................................18
Social relationship versus parasocial relationship.....................................................................18
This study..................................................................................................................................18
Conclusion....................................................................................................................................19
Lecture 5 (7/11/2023)..........................................................................................................................19
Identity and Self-Presentation..........................................................................................................19
Self-Presentation and Stigmatized Identities (DeVito et al., 2018)................................................19
Personal social media ecosystem..............................................................................................19
Self-presentation......................................................................................................................20
LGBTQ+ on social media............................................................................................................20
This study..................................................................................................................................20
Body Image (Nelson et al., 2022)..................................................................................................22
Self-Objectification Theory.......................................................................................................22
Body positivity..........................................................................................................................22
This study..................................................................................................................................23
Gender and body image............................................................................................................23
Wrapping up.................................................................................................................................24
Lecture 6 (9/11/2023)..........................................................................................................................24
Witnessing online aggression?.........................................................................................................24
Being a bystander of online aggression........................................................................................24
Predictors of bystander behaviour (Van Cleemput et al., 2014)...................................................24
Socio-cognitive processes in bystander behaviour.......................................................................25
Measuring bystander behaviour (Van Cleemput et al., 2014).......................................................26
This study..................................................................................................................................26
What are the effects of mere exposure to cyberbullying as a witness? (Pabian et al., 2016).......27
Desensitization..........................................................................................................................27
This study..................................................................................................................................27
Lecture 7 (14/11/2023)........................................................................................................................29
2
, Celebrity bashing..............................................................................................................................29
Aggression towards celebrities.....................................................................................................29
Who is involved in this risk behaviour? (Ouvrein et al., 2018)......................................................29
Cultivation theory.....................................................................................................................29
The role of norms.....................................................................................................................29
Social learning theory...............................................................................................................30
Role models and primary groups of adolescents......................................................................30
This study..................................................................................................................................30
How do victims experience celebrity bashing? (Ouvrein et al., 2021)..........................................32
The experience of celebrity bashing.........................................................................................32
Coping with celebrity bashing...................................................................................................32
This study..................................................................................................................................32
Lecture 8 – Guest lecture (21/11/2023)...............................................................................................33
Online Hate Speech & Content Moderation.....................................................................................33
What is online hate speech?.........................................................................................................33
Is hate speech a crime?................................................................................................................33
What makes people post hate speech?........................................................................................34
Ecological perspective...............................................................................................................34
Social media as sociotechnical systems........................................................................................35
Digital affordances....................................................................................................................35
Angry by design........................................................................................................................36
What to do against hate speech?..................................................................................................36
Automated content moderation...............................................................................................36
Is content moderation mandatory?..........................................................................................37
Creating prosocial digital environments.......................................................................................37
Counter speech.........................................................................................................................38
Reflective interfaces..................................................................................................................38
Lecture 9 (23/11/2023)........................................................................................................................38
Online Activism.................................................................................................................................38
Forms of activism..........................................................................................................................38
Social media activism....................................................................................................................38
Dueling views............................................................................................................................38
Hashtag activism...........................................................................................................................39
Case studies..............................................................................................................................39
Evaluating hashtag activism..........................................................................................................39
Liveness....................................................................................................................................39
3
, Burstiness.................................................................................................................................40
Conclusions...............................................................................................................................40
The challenge of noise (Lindgren, 2019).......................................................................................41
This study..................................................................................................................................41
Conclusions...................................................................................................................................41
Lecture 10 (28/11/2023).......................................................................................................................41
Privacy and social media...................................................................................................................41
Privacy as a changing idea............................................................................................................41
Privacy and surveillance............................................................................................................42
Takeaways so far.......................................................................................................................42
The privacy paradox......................................................................................................................42
Background...............................................................................................................................42
Early research...........................................................................................................................42
Pre-social media research.........................................................................................................43
Explaining the privacy paradox (Hargittai & Marwick, 2016)....................................................43
Sharenting.....................................................................................................................................44
Communication Privacy Management Theory (CPM)...............................................................44
This study (Walrave et al., 2022)...............................................................................................44
Takeaways.....................................................................................................................................46
Lecture 11 (30/11/2023).......................................................................................................................46
Parental mediation...........................................................................................................................46
From childhood to adolescence....................................................................................................46
Parental mediation.......................................................................................................................47
This study (Steinfeld, 2020).......................................................................................................48
Acceptance of parental authority.................................................................................................48
Communication style and acceptance of authority...................................................................48
This study (Symons et al., 2020)...............................................................................................49
Examples of exam questions.................................................................................................................50
4
