PATHO Exam 4 Study Guide | MUST READ
1. What are the electrolyte cations?: sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium
2. What are the electrolyte anions?: chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate/phosphorus
3. What are the intracellular electrolytes?: K+, Mg+, P-
4. What are the extracellular electrolytes?: Na+, Ca+, Cl-, HCO3
5. What is the normal range for sodium?: 135-145 mEq/L
6. What is the normal range for potassium?: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
7. Which electrolyte is a main extracellular cation?: sodium
8. Which electrolyte is a main intracellular cation?: potassium
9. What is the normal range for calcium?: 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
10.Which electrolyte is a extracellular and intracellular cation?: calcium
11.What is the normal range for magnesium?: 1.8-3.0 mg/dL
12.Which electrolyte is the second most plentiful in ICF?: magnesium
13.What is the normal range for chloride?: 98-106 mEq/L
14.Which electrolyte is known as "the tag along electrolyte"?: chloride
15.What are the normal ranges for phosphorus?: 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
16.Which electrolyte is largely an ICF anion?: phosphorus
17.What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis?: diffusion moves stuff high to low
("I'll lead"); osmosis moves water low to high ("You'll lead")
18.What is tonicity?: tension or effect that solutes exert on cell size because of water moving
across the cell membrane ("Whoever is the strongest will lead")
19.What is passive transport?: movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to
an area of lower concentration
20.What is the purpose in passive transport?: to equalize the concentration in both areas
21.What are the three different types of tonic solutions?: isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic
, PATHO Exam 4 Study Guide | MUST READ
22.What is an isotonic solution?: solute concentration is equal
23.What type of tonic solution would be present with a normal saline: 0.9% NaCl?: isotonic
24.What is an hypotonic solution?: solution concentration is lower than blood
25.What type of tonic solution would be present with half normal saline: 0.45%: hypotonic
26.What is an hypertonic solution?: solute concentration is greater than another solution
27.What type of tonic solution would be present with a 0.9% NaCl + 5% dextrose in
normal saline?: hypertonic
28.Is capillary filtration pressure push or pull pressure?: push pressure
29.Is interstitial hydrostatic pressure push or pull pressure?: push pressure
30.Is capillary colloidal osmotic pressure push or pull pressure?: pull pressure
, PATHO Exam 4 Study Guide | MUST READ
31.What type of capillary interstitial fluid exchange results from blood push- ing against the
walls of the capillary?: capillary filtration pressure
32.What type of capillary interstitial fluid exchange is when the pressure inside a capillary is
greater than the pressure in the surrounding interstitial space, fluids and solutes inside the
capillary are forced into the interstitial space and vice versa?: interstitial hydrostatic pressure
33.What type of capillary interstitial fluid exchange occurs when there is reab- sorption which
prevents too much fluid from leaving the capillaries; requires H20 and concentration gradient?:
capillary colloidal osmotic pressure
34.What is third space accumulation?: when push pressure is greater than pull pressure
35.What is hyponatremia?: Na less than <135 mEq/L
36.What are the different types of hyponatremia?: Euvolemic, Hypervolemic, Hypovolemic
37.What type of hyponatremia is water loss to less amount and Na loss?: hy- povolemic
38.What are causes of hypovolemic?: diarrhea, vomiting, diuretic use, sweating
39.What type of hyponatremia is the retention of water/dilution of Na- Normal ECF volume?:
euvolemic
40.What are the causes of euvolemic?: SIADH or thirst disorder
41. What type of hyponatremia is an increase in extracellular fluid volume?: -
hypervolemic
42.What are some causes of hypervolemic?: edema forming- CHF, cirrhosis, kidney disease
43.What is hypernatremia?: >145 mEq/L
44.What are some causes of hypernatremia?: excessive water losses, de- creased water
intake, excessive sodium intake
45.What are some signs of increased ADH levels?: polydipsia, oliguria/anuria, high urine specific
gravity
46.What is the urine osmolality and serum osmolality like with someone who has diabetes
1. What are the electrolyte cations?: sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium
2. What are the electrolyte anions?: chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate/phosphorus
3. What are the intracellular electrolytes?: K+, Mg+, P-
4. What are the extracellular electrolytes?: Na+, Ca+, Cl-, HCO3
5. What is the normal range for sodium?: 135-145 mEq/L
6. What is the normal range for potassium?: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
7. Which electrolyte is a main extracellular cation?: sodium
8. Which electrolyte is a main intracellular cation?: potassium
9. What is the normal range for calcium?: 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
10.Which electrolyte is a extracellular and intracellular cation?: calcium
11.What is the normal range for magnesium?: 1.8-3.0 mg/dL
12.Which electrolyte is the second most plentiful in ICF?: magnesium
13.What is the normal range for chloride?: 98-106 mEq/L
14.Which electrolyte is known as "the tag along electrolyte"?: chloride
15.What are the normal ranges for phosphorus?: 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
16.Which electrolyte is largely an ICF anion?: phosphorus
17.What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis?: diffusion moves stuff high to low
("I'll lead"); osmosis moves water low to high ("You'll lead")
18.What is tonicity?: tension or effect that solutes exert on cell size because of water moving
across the cell membrane ("Whoever is the strongest will lead")
19.What is passive transport?: movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to
an area of lower concentration
20.What is the purpose in passive transport?: to equalize the concentration in both areas
21.What are the three different types of tonic solutions?: isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic
, PATHO Exam 4 Study Guide | MUST READ
22.What is an isotonic solution?: solute concentration is equal
23.What type of tonic solution would be present with a normal saline: 0.9% NaCl?: isotonic
24.What is an hypotonic solution?: solution concentration is lower than blood
25.What type of tonic solution would be present with half normal saline: 0.45%: hypotonic
26.What is an hypertonic solution?: solute concentration is greater than another solution
27.What type of tonic solution would be present with a 0.9% NaCl + 5% dextrose in
normal saline?: hypertonic
28.Is capillary filtration pressure push or pull pressure?: push pressure
29.Is interstitial hydrostatic pressure push or pull pressure?: push pressure
30.Is capillary colloidal osmotic pressure push or pull pressure?: pull pressure
, PATHO Exam 4 Study Guide | MUST READ
31.What type of capillary interstitial fluid exchange results from blood push- ing against the
walls of the capillary?: capillary filtration pressure
32.What type of capillary interstitial fluid exchange is when the pressure inside a capillary is
greater than the pressure in the surrounding interstitial space, fluids and solutes inside the
capillary are forced into the interstitial space and vice versa?: interstitial hydrostatic pressure
33.What type of capillary interstitial fluid exchange occurs when there is reab- sorption which
prevents too much fluid from leaving the capillaries; requires H20 and concentration gradient?:
capillary colloidal osmotic pressure
34.What is third space accumulation?: when push pressure is greater than pull pressure
35.What is hyponatremia?: Na less than <135 mEq/L
36.What are the different types of hyponatremia?: Euvolemic, Hypervolemic, Hypovolemic
37.What type of hyponatremia is water loss to less amount and Na loss?: hy- povolemic
38.What are causes of hypovolemic?: diarrhea, vomiting, diuretic use, sweating
39.What type of hyponatremia is the retention of water/dilution of Na- Normal ECF volume?:
euvolemic
40.What are the causes of euvolemic?: SIADH or thirst disorder
41. What type of hyponatremia is an increase in extracellular fluid volume?: -
hypervolemic
42.What are some causes of hypervolemic?: edema forming- CHF, cirrhosis, kidney disease
43.What is hypernatremia?: >145 mEq/L
44.What are some causes of hypernatremia?: excessive water losses, de- creased water
intake, excessive sodium intake
45.What are some signs of increased ADH levels?: polydipsia, oliguria/anuria, high urine specific
gravity
46.What is the urine osmolality and serum osmolality like with someone who has diabetes
