Fresenius Annual Exam | 100% Correct
Answers | Verified | Latest 2024 Version
RN's oversee and assess - ✔✔The patient treatment, direct interventions, provide patient education
Patient care technicians evaluate and reinforce - ✔✔nursing education
What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system in order of urine flow ? - ✔✔(2) kidneys (2)
ureters (1) bladder (1) urethra
What are the functions of a healthy kidney ? remove - - ✔✔Waste products - creatinine, urea and uric
acid, ammonia
What are the functions of a healthy kidney ? regulate / synthesis - - ✔✔Fluid balance, blood volume,
electrolytes and acid- base balance, synthesize calcitrol ( active vitamin D)
What are the functions of a healthy kidney? Endocrine / Enzyme - - ✔✔Secrete erythropoietin -
stimulate bone marrow to make red blood cells
Release renin - controls blood pressure
What is urea ? - ✔✔by-product of protein metabolism
What is creatinine ? - ✔✔by -product of muscle metabolism
Uric acid occurs naturally in the human body as a result of ? - ✔✔the metabolism of purine
What is purine ? - ✔✔a muscle protein that enters the body either through dietary intake ( about 30
percent) or from the breakdown of the body's own cells during cell turnover
,Production of renin helps to ? - ✔✔regulate or control blood pressure
Production of erythropoietin helps to ? - ✔✔stimulate red blood cell production
Synthesis of calcitrol regulates what ? - ✔✔calcium / phosphorous balance.
Synthesis of calcitrol enables absorbtion of what ? - ✔✔dietary calcium; promoting bone health
Which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis ? - ✔✔Removal of waste products, and
regulation of fluid balance
What is the function of renin ? - ✔✔Renin is a hormone produced by the kidneys with important effects
on the regulation of blood pressure, and on sodium and potassium balance.
What is a nephron ? - ✔✔The functional unit of the kidney. It is a tubular structure and filters blood to
form urine.
What is a glomerulus ? - ✔✔A network (tuft) of capillaries that performs the first step of filtering blood.
it filters water and solutes into Bowmans capsule.
What does Bowmans capsule do ? - ✔✔empties the filtrate into a tubule that is also part of the nephron
Urinary excretion is ? - ✔✔Excretion = filtration - reabsorbtion = secretion
What is the function of erythropoietin? - ✔✔Erythropoietin stimulates the bone marrow to produce red
blood cells.
What is the synthetic form of erythropoietin ? - ✔✔Recombiant Epoetin Alfa ( Epogen) - or- Mircera both
are drugs given by licensed nursing staff to dialysis patients to treat anemia
, Why must the kidney activate Vitamin D ? - ✔✔The kidney converts Vitamin D to Calcitrol, its activated
form. This activated form of Vitamin D helps to maintain good bone health by helping to absorb calcium
from foods eaten.
What are synthetic forms of activated Vitamin D ? - ✔✔Calcijex, Zemplar, and Hectorol ( synthetic
calcitriol) are medications used in treating bone disease for hemodialysis patients.
acute renal failure - ✔✔sudden onset, severe, usually reversible, Drug toxicity, motor vehicle accident,
dehydration
Chronic renal failure - ✔✔slow onset, progressive, permanent, diabetes - diabetic nephropathy or
glomerulosclerosis, Hypertension causing nephrolosclerosis, glomerulonephtitis
other causes of renal failure include ? - ✔✔Polycystic kidney disease, Interstitial Nephritis, Goodpasture
syndrome, Wilm's tumor, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Alport's disease, Sickle Cell disease, Acquired
Immune Deficiency (AIDS), obstructions, Scleroderma, Drug toxicity ( heroin, cocaine, non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen)
What are signs of renal failure or uremia ? - ✔✔Elevated levels of - BUN / Creatinine - phosphorus -
potassium, Anemia , Nerve damage, Yellow-gray appearance of the skin, fluid overload, shortness of
breath and edema, hypertension, proteinuria
What are symptoms of renal failure or uremia ? - ✔✔Uremia, lethargy, weakness, headache, itching,
fatigue, nausea, restlessness, mental status changes, loss of appetite
What organ systems are affected by kidney disease ? - ✔✔All organ systems are affected,
musculoskeletal, integumentary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, immune, neurological,
hematologic, reproductive, endocrine
What are the signs and symptoms of uremia ? - ✔✔Yellow- gray skin tone, peripheral edema, high blood
pressure, itching, loss of appetite, nausea, fatigue, restlessness, mental status changes, shortness of
breath, immune system changes, proteinuria
Answers | Verified | Latest 2024 Version
RN's oversee and assess - ✔✔The patient treatment, direct interventions, provide patient education
Patient care technicians evaluate and reinforce - ✔✔nursing education
What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system in order of urine flow ? - ✔✔(2) kidneys (2)
ureters (1) bladder (1) urethra
What are the functions of a healthy kidney ? remove - - ✔✔Waste products - creatinine, urea and uric
acid, ammonia
What are the functions of a healthy kidney ? regulate / synthesis - - ✔✔Fluid balance, blood volume,
electrolytes and acid- base balance, synthesize calcitrol ( active vitamin D)
What are the functions of a healthy kidney? Endocrine / Enzyme - - ✔✔Secrete erythropoietin -
stimulate bone marrow to make red blood cells
Release renin - controls blood pressure
What is urea ? - ✔✔by-product of protein metabolism
What is creatinine ? - ✔✔by -product of muscle metabolism
Uric acid occurs naturally in the human body as a result of ? - ✔✔the metabolism of purine
What is purine ? - ✔✔a muscle protein that enters the body either through dietary intake ( about 30
percent) or from the breakdown of the body's own cells during cell turnover
,Production of renin helps to ? - ✔✔regulate or control blood pressure
Production of erythropoietin helps to ? - ✔✔stimulate red blood cell production
Synthesis of calcitrol regulates what ? - ✔✔calcium / phosphorous balance.
Synthesis of calcitrol enables absorbtion of what ? - ✔✔dietary calcium; promoting bone health
Which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis ? - ✔✔Removal of waste products, and
regulation of fluid balance
What is the function of renin ? - ✔✔Renin is a hormone produced by the kidneys with important effects
on the regulation of blood pressure, and on sodium and potassium balance.
What is a nephron ? - ✔✔The functional unit of the kidney. It is a tubular structure and filters blood to
form urine.
What is a glomerulus ? - ✔✔A network (tuft) of capillaries that performs the first step of filtering blood.
it filters water and solutes into Bowmans capsule.
What does Bowmans capsule do ? - ✔✔empties the filtrate into a tubule that is also part of the nephron
Urinary excretion is ? - ✔✔Excretion = filtration - reabsorbtion = secretion
What is the function of erythropoietin? - ✔✔Erythropoietin stimulates the bone marrow to produce red
blood cells.
What is the synthetic form of erythropoietin ? - ✔✔Recombiant Epoetin Alfa ( Epogen) - or- Mircera both
are drugs given by licensed nursing staff to dialysis patients to treat anemia
, Why must the kidney activate Vitamin D ? - ✔✔The kidney converts Vitamin D to Calcitrol, its activated
form. This activated form of Vitamin D helps to maintain good bone health by helping to absorb calcium
from foods eaten.
What are synthetic forms of activated Vitamin D ? - ✔✔Calcijex, Zemplar, and Hectorol ( synthetic
calcitriol) are medications used in treating bone disease for hemodialysis patients.
acute renal failure - ✔✔sudden onset, severe, usually reversible, Drug toxicity, motor vehicle accident,
dehydration
Chronic renal failure - ✔✔slow onset, progressive, permanent, diabetes - diabetic nephropathy or
glomerulosclerosis, Hypertension causing nephrolosclerosis, glomerulonephtitis
other causes of renal failure include ? - ✔✔Polycystic kidney disease, Interstitial Nephritis, Goodpasture
syndrome, Wilm's tumor, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Alport's disease, Sickle Cell disease, Acquired
Immune Deficiency (AIDS), obstructions, Scleroderma, Drug toxicity ( heroin, cocaine, non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen)
What are signs of renal failure or uremia ? - ✔✔Elevated levels of - BUN / Creatinine - phosphorus -
potassium, Anemia , Nerve damage, Yellow-gray appearance of the skin, fluid overload, shortness of
breath and edema, hypertension, proteinuria
What are symptoms of renal failure or uremia ? - ✔✔Uremia, lethargy, weakness, headache, itching,
fatigue, nausea, restlessness, mental status changes, loss of appetite
What organ systems are affected by kidney disease ? - ✔✔All organ systems are affected,
musculoskeletal, integumentary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, immune, neurological,
hematologic, reproductive, endocrine
What are the signs and symptoms of uremia ? - ✔✔Yellow- gray skin tone, peripheral edema, high blood
pressure, itching, loss of appetite, nausea, fatigue, restlessness, mental status changes, shortness of
breath, immune system changes, proteinuria
