AATBS: Assessment
Acturial Versus Clinical Prediction - ANS-Actuarial predictions are based on empirically
validated relationships between test results and target criteria and make use of a
multiple regression equation or similar technique, while clinical predictions are based on
the decision-maker's intuition, experience, and knowledge. Studies comparing the two
methods have generally found that the actuarial method alone is more accurate than
clinical judgment alone.
Behavioral Assessment - ANS-Behavioral assessment focuses on overt and covert
behaviors and utilizes various techniques including behavioral interviews, behavioral
observation, protocol analysis and other cognitive measures, and psychophysiological
measures. Functional behavioral assessment (FBA) is a type of behavioral assessment
that involves identifying and altering the antecedents and consequences that are
maintaining an undesirable behavior.
Bender-Gestalt-II - ANS-The Bender-Gestalt II is a measure of visual-motor integration
that is also used as a screening tool for neuropsychological impairment. It includes 16
stimulus cards consisting of geometric figures that the examinees first copies and then
draws from memory.
Big Five Personality Traits - ANS-The initial identification of the personality traits that
make up the "Big Five" (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism,
and openness to experience) utilized an atheoretical lexical approach that entailed
identifying personality characteristics listed in the dictionary and then using factor
analysis to identify the core traits (factors).
crystalized vs fluid intelligence - ANS-Horn and Cattell proposed that general
intelligence can be described in terms of two types: Crystallized intelligence (Gc) refers
to acquired knowledge and skills and is affected by educational and cultural
experiences, whereas fluid intelligence (Gf) enables an individual to solve novel
problems and perceive relations and similarities and does not depend on specific
instruction.
Curriculum-Based Measurement - ANS-Curriculum-based measurement (CBM)
involves periodic assessment of school-aged children with brief standardized and
validated measures of basic academic skills that reflect the current school curriculum for
the purposes of evaluating instructional effectiveness and making instructional
decisions.
, Differential Validity - ANS-The term differential validity has two meanings: In the context
of multiaptitude batteries, differential validity is desirable, and a battery lacks differential
validity when each test or subtest has similar validity coefficients for each criterion group
or category. In the context of job selection, differential validity is undesirable and occurs
when a predictor has different validity coefficients for different groups of individuals
(e.g., men and women).
Dynamic Assessment/Testing The Limits - ANS-Dynamic assessment was derived from
Vygotsky's method for evaluating a child's mental development and involves deliberate
deviation from standardized testing procedures to obtain additional information about an
examinee and/or determine if he/she would benefit from assistance or instruction.
Testing the limits, a type of dynamic assessment, involves providing an examinee with
additional cues, suggestions, or feedback and is ordinarily done after standard
administration of the test to preserve the applicability of the test's norms.
Flynn Effect - ANS-Research conducted prior to 2000 found that IQ test scores
consistently increased over the previous 70 years in the United States and other
industrialized countries. This increase is referred to as the Flynn effect, involves a rate
of at least three IQ points per decade, and is apparently due primarily to increases in
fluid intelligence. Recent research suggests, however, that the Flynn effect has reversed
in some countries and, in the U.S., for individuals with IQs of 110 and above.
Glasgow Coma Scale - ANS-The Glasgow Coma Scale is used to assess level of
consciousness following brain injury and involves rating the patient in terms of three
responses - visual response (eye opening), best motor response, and best verbal
response.
Halstead-Reitan - ANS-The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery is used to
detect brain damage and determine its severity and possible location. It produces a
Halstead Impairment Index that ranges from 0 to 1.0, with higher scores indicating
greater impairment.
Heredity And Intelligence - ANS-Correlations between the IQ scores of people with
varying degrees of genetic similarity are used to demonstrate the impact of heredity on
intelligence. The studies have found that, the closer the genetic similarity, the higher the
correlation (e.g., identical twins reared together, r = .85; identical twins reared apart, r =
.67).
Acturial Versus Clinical Prediction - ANS-Actuarial predictions are based on empirically
validated relationships between test results and target criteria and make use of a
multiple regression equation or similar technique, while clinical predictions are based on
the decision-maker's intuition, experience, and knowledge. Studies comparing the two
methods have generally found that the actuarial method alone is more accurate than
clinical judgment alone.
Behavioral Assessment - ANS-Behavioral assessment focuses on overt and covert
behaviors and utilizes various techniques including behavioral interviews, behavioral
observation, protocol analysis and other cognitive measures, and psychophysiological
measures. Functional behavioral assessment (FBA) is a type of behavioral assessment
that involves identifying and altering the antecedents and consequences that are
maintaining an undesirable behavior.
Bender-Gestalt-II - ANS-The Bender-Gestalt II is a measure of visual-motor integration
that is also used as a screening tool for neuropsychological impairment. It includes 16
stimulus cards consisting of geometric figures that the examinees first copies and then
draws from memory.
Big Five Personality Traits - ANS-The initial identification of the personality traits that
make up the "Big Five" (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism,
and openness to experience) utilized an atheoretical lexical approach that entailed
identifying personality characteristics listed in the dictionary and then using factor
analysis to identify the core traits (factors).
crystalized vs fluid intelligence - ANS-Horn and Cattell proposed that general
intelligence can be described in terms of two types: Crystallized intelligence (Gc) refers
to acquired knowledge and skills and is affected by educational and cultural
experiences, whereas fluid intelligence (Gf) enables an individual to solve novel
problems and perceive relations and similarities and does not depend on specific
instruction.
Curriculum-Based Measurement - ANS-Curriculum-based measurement (CBM)
involves periodic assessment of school-aged children with brief standardized and
validated measures of basic academic skills that reflect the current school curriculum for
the purposes of evaluating instructional effectiveness and making instructional
decisions.
, Differential Validity - ANS-The term differential validity has two meanings: In the context
of multiaptitude batteries, differential validity is desirable, and a battery lacks differential
validity when each test or subtest has similar validity coefficients for each criterion group
or category. In the context of job selection, differential validity is undesirable and occurs
when a predictor has different validity coefficients for different groups of individuals
(e.g., men and women).
Dynamic Assessment/Testing The Limits - ANS-Dynamic assessment was derived from
Vygotsky's method for evaluating a child's mental development and involves deliberate
deviation from standardized testing procedures to obtain additional information about an
examinee and/or determine if he/she would benefit from assistance or instruction.
Testing the limits, a type of dynamic assessment, involves providing an examinee with
additional cues, suggestions, or feedback and is ordinarily done after standard
administration of the test to preserve the applicability of the test's norms.
Flynn Effect - ANS-Research conducted prior to 2000 found that IQ test scores
consistently increased over the previous 70 years in the United States and other
industrialized countries. This increase is referred to as the Flynn effect, involves a rate
of at least three IQ points per decade, and is apparently due primarily to increases in
fluid intelligence. Recent research suggests, however, that the Flynn effect has reversed
in some countries and, in the U.S., for individuals with IQs of 110 and above.
Glasgow Coma Scale - ANS-The Glasgow Coma Scale is used to assess level of
consciousness following brain injury and involves rating the patient in terms of three
responses - visual response (eye opening), best motor response, and best verbal
response.
Halstead-Reitan - ANS-The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery is used to
detect brain damage and determine its severity and possible location. It produces a
Halstead Impairment Index that ranges from 0 to 1.0, with higher scores indicating
greater impairment.
Heredity And Intelligence - ANS-Correlations between the IQ scores of people with
varying degrees of genetic similarity are used to demonstrate the impact of heredity on
intelligence. The studies have found that, the closer the genetic similarity, the higher the
correlation (e.g., identical twins reared together, r = .85; identical twins reared apart, r =
.67).
