Sociaal kapitaal en netwerken 2019-2020
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Samenvatting artikelen
Inhoudsopgave
Burt & Soda (2017)...........................................................................................................................................................................3
Introductie...................................................................................................................................................................................3
Information, social structure and good ideas.............................................................................................................................3
Risk of productive accident.........................................................................................................................................................4
Social capital as a forcing function for human capital.................................................................................................................4
Close............................................................................................................................................................................................4
Borgatti & Foster (2003)..................................................................................................................................................................6
Lecture.........................................................................................................................................................................................6
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................................6
Review of current research.........................................................................................................................................................7
Dimensions of network research.................................................................................................................................................9
Typology of studies focusing on network consequences..........................................................................................................10
Crossley (2008)...............................................................................................................................................................................12
Lecture slides.............................................................................................................................................................................12
Social capital..............................................................................................................................................................................21
Observaties in healthclubs........................................................................................................................................................21
Faciliterende functies................................................................................................................................................................21
Dark side....................................................................................................................................................................................22
Conclusie....................................................................................................................................................................................22
Thoits (2011)..................................................................................................................................................................................23
Lecture slides.............................................................................................................................................................................23
7 Mechanisme...........................................................................................................................................................................23
Stress-buffering: processen en mechanismen..........................................................................................................................24
Hanneman & Riddle – hoofdstuk 2: why formal methods?...........................................................................................................25
Introduction...............................................................................................................................................................................25
Efficiency....................................................................................................................................................................................25
Using computers........................................................................................................................................................................25
Seeing patterns..........................................................................................................................................................................25
Summary....................................................................................................................................................................................25
Völker & Flap (2001)......................................................................................................................................................................26
1.Vorm van persoonlijke netwerken, de niche en voorzieningsnetwerk:................................................................................26
2.Sterkte en multiplexiteit.........................................................................................................................................................26
3. Heterogeniteit en dichtheid..................................................................................................................................................26
4.Het gat....................................................................................................................................................................................26
Discussie en Conclusie...............................................................................................................................................................26
Uzzi (1997).....................................................................................................................................................................................28
Findings......................................................................................................................................................................................28
Price system...............................................................................................................................................................................30
Buskens & Raub (2002)..................................................................................................................................................................33
Lecture slides.............................................................................................................................................................................33
Introductie:................................................................................................................................................................................33
Trust Game - Prisoners dilemma...............................................................................................................................................33
Vier effecten van vertrouwen:..................................................................................................................................................34
Vriens & van Ingen (2017)..............................................................................................................................................................36
Lecture slides.............................................................................................................................................................................36
De studie....................................................................................................................................................................................36
Hypothese + resultaten.............................................................................................................................................................36
1
, Ellison & Vitak (2015).....................................................................................................................................................................37
Lecture slides.............................................................................................................................................................................37
Overzicht van sociale media......................................................................................................................................................37
Van Ingen & Wright (2016)............................................................................................................................................................40
Lecture slides.............................................................................................................................................................................40
Calderoni et al. (2017)....................................................................................................................................................................42
Introduction...............................................................................................................................................................................42
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................................................42
2
,Burt & Soda (2017)
Burt, R. S., & Soda, G. (2017). Social origins of great strategies. Strategy Science, 2(4), 226-233.
Introductie
Good strategies emerge in the same way that good ideas more generally emerge—at the intersection of
alternatives, which we cast as a function of the social network around a business leader
Information, social structure and good ideas
Contexts in which diverse information and heterogeneous knowledge domains are available are more likely
to generate new ideas and novel combinations of ideas. In short, the value of search is proportional to
information variation, and search is more efficient for people more exposed to the variation.
Information is unevenly distributed across the social networks of organizations and markets
- Networks are composed of clustered dense connections, with occasional bridge connections
between clusters (= small world network)
Information is less variable within clusters than between clusters. People more connected across clusters
have information advantages akin to Stigler’s “specialized trader.”
> sociogram, where you can see different
social clusters
- Empty spaces between social clusters
are holes in the social structure (=
structural holes). Information within
cluster less variable than between
clusters
Information differences between clusters
may or may not be consequential, but they
set a stage for two kinds of leadership:
specializing within a cluster (closure) or
building bridges between clusters
(brokerage).
- Closure is about strengthening
connections within a cluster to gain
advantage by getting better at what we already know.
o Example: manager
- Brokerage is about connecting across clusters to synthesize new practice from diverse information
otherwise segregated in separate clusters. Network brokers are the social mechanism that clears a
sticky information market.
o Example: leader
Advantages brokers in integrating information across cluster differences
1. Breadth: bridge relationship leads to diverse information
2. Timing: broker in middle of flow of information, will lead to early information flow between group
3. Arbitrage: more likely to know when it would be rewarding to bring together separate groups,
which gives them disproportionate say in whose interests are served when the contacts come
together.
3
, Brokers: their connections across social clusters give them an advantage in translating opinion and
behavior familiar to one group into the dialect of a target group.
- A structural hole is a potentially valuable context for action
- Brokerage is the action of coordinating across the hole over bridges between people on opposite
sides of the hole
- Network entrepreneurs, or more simply, network brokers, are the people who build the bridges.
- Brokerage is usually concentrated in the hands of a small proportion of the leaders in an
organization.
Risk of productive accident
Brokers are more exposed to diverse knowledge and practice so advantage in detecting and developing
good ideas
Great strategy is indirect result of network brokerage across structural holes within or between
organizations
Conjunctions can be a clue to things best left separate, with contingency things can be together
Social capital as a forcing function for human capital
Creating strategy is about being different from what is habitual, in relation to the past, and what is
conformist, in relation to contemporaries. Great strategies are variations and deviations from what has
been done in the past and what the “others” now do.
‘Habitual’ has a point of reference in time and refers to the recursive replication of activities over time.
- Many decision makers are trapped in their personal experiences
- Social network expo- sure to information heterogeneity amplifies individuals’ openness and ability
to recognize the differences by accessing experiences that they did not yet had
“Conformist” has a point of reference in the social space, referring to replication of activities among
members embedded in a social collective.
Closed networks are conducive to the development of a “collective mind” (such as shared representations,
languages, and meanings
- Increases the chances for individuals to filter out information and ideas for which a shared meaning
does not exist, and to filter in information for which this meaning exists
- Groupthink: poor strategy
Differences between groups have to be juxtapositioned (next to eachother) to highlight the brokerage
opportunity. Juxtapositioning can be engineered or allowed to emerge naturally.
In sum, the social capital of brokerage across structural holes develops human capital skills for
recombinant information, skills for translating this group’s familiar practice into that group’s novel
solution.
Close
The preceding articulates a network perspective on the social origins of great strategies
1. The bridge and cluster structure of social networks is a proxy indicator of variation in knowledge
and practice (homogeneity within clusters, heterogeneity between).
4
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Samenvatting artikelen
Inhoudsopgave
Burt & Soda (2017)...........................................................................................................................................................................3
Introductie...................................................................................................................................................................................3
Information, social structure and good ideas.............................................................................................................................3
Risk of productive accident.........................................................................................................................................................4
Social capital as a forcing function for human capital.................................................................................................................4
Close............................................................................................................................................................................................4
Borgatti & Foster (2003)..................................................................................................................................................................6
Lecture.........................................................................................................................................................................................6
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................................6
Review of current research.........................................................................................................................................................7
Dimensions of network research.................................................................................................................................................9
Typology of studies focusing on network consequences..........................................................................................................10
Crossley (2008)...............................................................................................................................................................................12
Lecture slides.............................................................................................................................................................................12
Social capital..............................................................................................................................................................................21
Observaties in healthclubs........................................................................................................................................................21
Faciliterende functies................................................................................................................................................................21
Dark side....................................................................................................................................................................................22
Conclusie....................................................................................................................................................................................22
Thoits (2011)..................................................................................................................................................................................23
Lecture slides.............................................................................................................................................................................23
7 Mechanisme...........................................................................................................................................................................23
Stress-buffering: processen en mechanismen..........................................................................................................................24
Hanneman & Riddle – hoofdstuk 2: why formal methods?...........................................................................................................25
Introduction...............................................................................................................................................................................25
Efficiency....................................................................................................................................................................................25
Using computers........................................................................................................................................................................25
Seeing patterns..........................................................................................................................................................................25
Summary....................................................................................................................................................................................25
Völker & Flap (2001)......................................................................................................................................................................26
1.Vorm van persoonlijke netwerken, de niche en voorzieningsnetwerk:................................................................................26
2.Sterkte en multiplexiteit.........................................................................................................................................................26
3. Heterogeniteit en dichtheid..................................................................................................................................................26
4.Het gat....................................................................................................................................................................................26
Discussie en Conclusie...............................................................................................................................................................26
Uzzi (1997).....................................................................................................................................................................................28
Findings......................................................................................................................................................................................28
Price system...............................................................................................................................................................................30
Buskens & Raub (2002)..................................................................................................................................................................33
Lecture slides.............................................................................................................................................................................33
Introductie:................................................................................................................................................................................33
Trust Game - Prisoners dilemma...............................................................................................................................................33
Vier effecten van vertrouwen:..................................................................................................................................................34
Vriens & van Ingen (2017)..............................................................................................................................................................36
Lecture slides.............................................................................................................................................................................36
De studie....................................................................................................................................................................................36
Hypothese + resultaten.............................................................................................................................................................36
1
, Ellison & Vitak (2015).....................................................................................................................................................................37
Lecture slides.............................................................................................................................................................................37
Overzicht van sociale media......................................................................................................................................................37
Van Ingen & Wright (2016)............................................................................................................................................................40
Lecture slides.............................................................................................................................................................................40
Calderoni et al. (2017)....................................................................................................................................................................42
Introduction...............................................................................................................................................................................42
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................................................42
2
,Burt & Soda (2017)
Burt, R. S., & Soda, G. (2017). Social origins of great strategies. Strategy Science, 2(4), 226-233.
Introductie
Good strategies emerge in the same way that good ideas more generally emerge—at the intersection of
alternatives, which we cast as a function of the social network around a business leader
Information, social structure and good ideas
Contexts in which diverse information and heterogeneous knowledge domains are available are more likely
to generate new ideas and novel combinations of ideas. In short, the value of search is proportional to
information variation, and search is more efficient for people more exposed to the variation.
Information is unevenly distributed across the social networks of organizations and markets
- Networks are composed of clustered dense connections, with occasional bridge connections
between clusters (= small world network)
Information is less variable within clusters than between clusters. People more connected across clusters
have information advantages akin to Stigler’s “specialized trader.”
> sociogram, where you can see different
social clusters
- Empty spaces between social clusters
are holes in the social structure (=
structural holes). Information within
cluster less variable than between
clusters
Information differences between clusters
may or may not be consequential, but they
set a stage for two kinds of leadership:
specializing within a cluster (closure) or
building bridges between clusters
(brokerage).
- Closure is about strengthening
connections within a cluster to gain
advantage by getting better at what we already know.
o Example: manager
- Brokerage is about connecting across clusters to synthesize new practice from diverse information
otherwise segregated in separate clusters. Network brokers are the social mechanism that clears a
sticky information market.
o Example: leader
Advantages brokers in integrating information across cluster differences
1. Breadth: bridge relationship leads to diverse information
2. Timing: broker in middle of flow of information, will lead to early information flow between group
3. Arbitrage: more likely to know when it would be rewarding to bring together separate groups,
which gives them disproportionate say in whose interests are served when the contacts come
together.
3
, Brokers: their connections across social clusters give them an advantage in translating opinion and
behavior familiar to one group into the dialect of a target group.
- A structural hole is a potentially valuable context for action
- Brokerage is the action of coordinating across the hole over bridges between people on opposite
sides of the hole
- Network entrepreneurs, or more simply, network brokers, are the people who build the bridges.
- Brokerage is usually concentrated in the hands of a small proportion of the leaders in an
organization.
Risk of productive accident
Brokers are more exposed to diverse knowledge and practice so advantage in detecting and developing
good ideas
Great strategy is indirect result of network brokerage across structural holes within or between
organizations
Conjunctions can be a clue to things best left separate, with contingency things can be together
Social capital as a forcing function for human capital
Creating strategy is about being different from what is habitual, in relation to the past, and what is
conformist, in relation to contemporaries. Great strategies are variations and deviations from what has
been done in the past and what the “others” now do.
‘Habitual’ has a point of reference in time and refers to the recursive replication of activities over time.
- Many decision makers are trapped in their personal experiences
- Social network expo- sure to information heterogeneity amplifies individuals’ openness and ability
to recognize the differences by accessing experiences that they did not yet had
“Conformist” has a point of reference in the social space, referring to replication of activities among
members embedded in a social collective.
Closed networks are conducive to the development of a “collective mind” (such as shared representations,
languages, and meanings
- Increases the chances for individuals to filter out information and ideas for which a shared meaning
does not exist, and to filter in information for which this meaning exists
- Groupthink: poor strategy
Differences between groups have to be juxtapositioned (next to eachother) to highlight the brokerage
opportunity. Juxtapositioning can be engineered or allowed to emerge naturally.
In sum, the social capital of brokerage across structural holes develops human capital skills for
recombinant information, skills for translating this group’s familiar practice into that group’s novel
solution.
Close
The preceding articulates a network perspective on the social origins of great strategies
1. The bridge and cluster structure of social networks is a proxy indicator of variation in knowledge
and practice (homogeneity within clusters, heterogeneity between).
4
