Test Bank For Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior:
An Introduction to Psychopharmacology 2nd Edition by
Adam Prus Chapter 1-15 Complete Guide A+
Lateralization - ANSWER Localization of a function in one hemisphere or the other.
Right hemisphere=>music, art, creativity, spatial reasoning.
Left hemisphere=>logic, language, math.
One hemisphere can be the dominant side.
Causes of lateralization=>genetics (differential gene expression), prenatal
androgens (possibly play a role), ultrasounds? (women who get ultra sounds have
children who turn out more laterilized).
Rasmussen's syndrome - ANSWER Seizures in 1 hemisphere of the brain;
hemispherectomy is most effective treatment.
-plasticity=>ability for brain to change & adapt (reason why it works best for young
children).
Wada Test - ANSWER Sodium amytal (anesthetic) in one hemisphere to put to
sleep.
There's a tube put up to examine brain (used for fMRI).
Lateralization affecting our behavior - ANSWER music abilities?
prosody=>intonation & stress in spoken language to convey emotional tone &
meaning (processed in the right hemisphere; saying the same thing in diff. ways
mean diff. things).
perfect pitch=>planum temporale size difference.
Language - ANSWER Communication of thoughts & feelings through a shared
system of arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols.
-systematic, arbitrary, infinite generativity (can always make new words), automatic.
Special Cases of Language - ANSWER Multilingualism=>early v. late language
learners (amt of overlap of language areas); dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is
activated in language switch.
American Sign Language=>processed similarly to spoken language; ASL users
differentiate movements.
Aphasia - ANSWER Brain damage causing loss of language abilities (e.g. broca's
aphasia, wernicke's aphasia, conduction aphasia, transcortical aphasia).
Broca's Aphasia - ANSWER Broca's area=>language area in the left PFC (helps to
control movements involved in speech generation).
Anomia (tip of the tongue phenomenon)=>difficulty getting words w/meaning.
Singing helps.
, Wernicke's Aphasia - ANSWER Wernicke's Area=>part of the temporal lobe
involved in language comprehension (they can talk/write but its meaningless).
-They're not understanding when they're understandable.
Recovery from Aphasia - ANSWER Language production & comprehension almost
always in left hemisphere (right hemisphere can take over functions if damage
occurs in early life).
Right hemisphere usually plays a role in prosody.
Emotions - ANSWER Subjective response to experience
Psychological=>"feelings" accompanied by characteristic behavior or facial
expression.
Physiological=>increase or decrease in activity levels.
Purposes=>communication to other members of species; approach/avoidance;
arousal; adapt to environment or situation; prepare us for important actions.
Facial Feedback hypothesis - ANSWER Blood vessels in face feed back
temperature & muscle information to the brain, altering our experience of emotion
(smiling makes you happier, frowning makes you more sad).
James-Lange Theory - ANSWER Specific pattern of autonomic arousal leads to
specific emotions.
External Event (e.g. bear)=>specific bodily arousal (e.g. jump and run)=>pattern of
arousal identifies emotion (e.g. fear).
Schachter-Singer "2 factory" Theory - ANSWER Physiological arousal contributes
to emotion's intensity, while identity of emotion is based on cognitive appraisal.
External event (bear)=>cognitive appraisal of stimulus AND bodily arousal=>stimulus
characteristics identify emotion; physiological arousal contributes to intensity.
Anterior Cingulate Cortex - ANSWER Role in emotion, attention, cognitive
processing, consciousness.
-Active when we express our emotions.
-Right ACC larger in people who score high in harm avoidance.
-Contributes to social behavior; damage may be implicated in sociopathy.
Prefrontal Cortex - ANSWER Major subareas include orbitofrontal & ventromedial
cortexes.
-Damage: individuals do not respond emotionally to poor choices.
Functions of Amygdala - ANSWER Stimulation: produces fear & anxiety.
Damage: difficulty identifying fear & anger.
Imaging: more active when viewing expressions of fear.
Chemistry: contains many benzodiazepine receptors.
Pathology: Kluver-Bucy Syndrome reduces fear.
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome - ANSWER Docility: low fear, low aggression.
Dietary changes: eating too much or inappropriate objects.
Hyper-orality:putting random things in mouth.
Hyper-sexuality
An Introduction to Psychopharmacology 2nd Edition by
Adam Prus Chapter 1-15 Complete Guide A+
Lateralization - ANSWER Localization of a function in one hemisphere or the other.
Right hemisphere=>music, art, creativity, spatial reasoning.
Left hemisphere=>logic, language, math.
One hemisphere can be the dominant side.
Causes of lateralization=>genetics (differential gene expression), prenatal
androgens (possibly play a role), ultrasounds? (women who get ultra sounds have
children who turn out more laterilized).
Rasmussen's syndrome - ANSWER Seizures in 1 hemisphere of the brain;
hemispherectomy is most effective treatment.
-plasticity=>ability for brain to change & adapt (reason why it works best for young
children).
Wada Test - ANSWER Sodium amytal (anesthetic) in one hemisphere to put to
sleep.
There's a tube put up to examine brain (used for fMRI).
Lateralization affecting our behavior - ANSWER music abilities?
prosody=>intonation & stress in spoken language to convey emotional tone &
meaning (processed in the right hemisphere; saying the same thing in diff. ways
mean diff. things).
perfect pitch=>planum temporale size difference.
Language - ANSWER Communication of thoughts & feelings through a shared
system of arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols.
-systematic, arbitrary, infinite generativity (can always make new words), automatic.
Special Cases of Language - ANSWER Multilingualism=>early v. late language
learners (amt of overlap of language areas); dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is
activated in language switch.
American Sign Language=>processed similarly to spoken language; ASL users
differentiate movements.
Aphasia - ANSWER Brain damage causing loss of language abilities (e.g. broca's
aphasia, wernicke's aphasia, conduction aphasia, transcortical aphasia).
Broca's Aphasia - ANSWER Broca's area=>language area in the left PFC (helps to
control movements involved in speech generation).
Anomia (tip of the tongue phenomenon)=>difficulty getting words w/meaning.
Singing helps.
, Wernicke's Aphasia - ANSWER Wernicke's Area=>part of the temporal lobe
involved in language comprehension (they can talk/write but its meaningless).
-They're not understanding when they're understandable.
Recovery from Aphasia - ANSWER Language production & comprehension almost
always in left hemisphere (right hemisphere can take over functions if damage
occurs in early life).
Right hemisphere usually plays a role in prosody.
Emotions - ANSWER Subjective response to experience
Psychological=>"feelings" accompanied by characteristic behavior or facial
expression.
Physiological=>increase or decrease in activity levels.
Purposes=>communication to other members of species; approach/avoidance;
arousal; adapt to environment or situation; prepare us for important actions.
Facial Feedback hypothesis - ANSWER Blood vessels in face feed back
temperature & muscle information to the brain, altering our experience of emotion
(smiling makes you happier, frowning makes you more sad).
James-Lange Theory - ANSWER Specific pattern of autonomic arousal leads to
specific emotions.
External Event (e.g. bear)=>specific bodily arousal (e.g. jump and run)=>pattern of
arousal identifies emotion (e.g. fear).
Schachter-Singer "2 factory" Theory - ANSWER Physiological arousal contributes
to emotion's intensity, while identity of emotion is based on cognitive appraisal.
External event (bear)=>cognitive appraisal of stimulus AND bodily arousal=>stimulus
characteristics identify emotion; physiological arousal contributes to intensity.
Anterior Cingulate Cortex - ANSWER Role in emotion, attention, cognitive
processing, consciousness.
-Active when we express our emotions.
-Right ACC larger in people who score high in harm avoidance.
-Contributes to social behavior; damage may be implicated in sociopathy.
Prefrontal Cortex - ANSWER Major subareas include orbitofrontal & ventromedial
cortexes.
-Damage: individuals do not respond emotionally to poor choices.
Functions of Amygdala - ANSWER Stimulation: produces fear & anxiety.
Damage: difficulty identifying fear & anger.
Imaging: more active when viewing expressions of fear.
Chemistry: contains many benzodiazepine receptors.
Pathology: Kluver-Bucy Syndrome reduces fear.
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome - ANSWER Docility: low fear, low aggression.
Dietary changes: eating too much or inappropriate objects.
Hyper-orality:putting random things in mouth.
Hyper-sexuality
