D027 PATHOPHARM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
2024
color blindness and hemophilia - ANSWER sex-linked traits,
cones lack one or more wavelength-sensitive chemicals, you will be unable to distinguish the colors red,
green or blue. Some conditions that can cause color deficits are sickle cell anemia.
Thiazide diuretics mechanism of action - ANSWER -Inhibit Na reabsorption in the *distal tubule*
-Promotes up to 10% of Na and H2O excretion
-Increase urinary excretion of other electrolytes
Diuril (chlorothiazide) - ANSWER 1st line drug tx for antihypertensive, thiazide diuretic, tx by reducing bld
vol, increased urination
Calcium Channel Blockers - ANSWER (INE)agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into heart muscle
cells, causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for oxygen and nutrients, and a
relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to cause dilation; used to prevent or treat angina
pectoris, some arrhythmias, and hypertension
Ca Channel Blockers - ANSWER Dilate the arteries and reduce the force of the heart's contractions
Norvasc (amlodipine)
Cardizem (Diltiazem)
ACE inhibitors adverse effects - ANSWER 1. first dose hypotension
2. orthostatic hypotension
3.tachycardia
4.photosensitvity
5.renal insufficiency
6. hyperkalemia
7. Angioedema
,8. Bone marrow depression
Beta Blockers - ANSWER decrease heart rate and dilate arteries by blocking beta receptors by inhibiting
effects of norepi
Escitalopram - ANSWER Lexapro
SSRI
pituitary gland - ANSWER The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the
hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
atherosclerotic plaque - ANSWER fatty deposits accumulated due to elevated glucose levels
Primary HTN risk factors - ANSWER 1. Genetic predisposition
2. Excess dietary salt intake
3. Adrenergic tone
4. racial pattern (HIGHEST : African Americans)
Primary HTN causes - ANSWER Renal Parenchymal disease
Renal vascular disease
essential HTN
Cardiovascular disease
CNS abnormalities
Endocrine disease
Syndromes
Medication related (rare).
EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) proteins, mutation driving lung cancer - ANSWER medicate
with Tagrisso, a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
, Tagrisso (osimertinib) - ANSWER non-small cell lung cancer
muscular dystrophy (MD) - ANSWER group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of
muscle and weakness
Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) - ANSWER Dx based on physical symptoms, family history, an elevated
concentration of creatine kinase (CK) in the blood indicating destruction of muscle, and molecular
genetic testing.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy symptoms - ANSWER Pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles; use upper
extremity to help them stand up; waddling gait
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance - ANSWER Skips generations, usually seen in only 1 generation.
25% of offsprings from 2 carrier parents affected.
Often due to enzyme deficiencies, more severe than dominant disorders; symptoms presents in
childhood.
autosomal dominant inheritance - ANSWER presence of certain genes that means there is a 100%
chance of the person eventually getting the disease
autosomal dominant disorders - ANSWER Huntington's Disease
Achondroplasia
Neurofibromatosis
autosomal recessive disorders - ANSWER Tay-Sachs, Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, phenylketonuria
anterior pituitary gland - ANSWER AKA the adenohypophysis, the anterior pituitary is made of glandular
tissue. It makes and secretes six different hormones: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, and growth
hormone. The anterior pituitary is controlled by releasing and inhibiting factors from the hypothalamus
posterior pituitary gland - ANSWER ADH and oxytocin
ANSWERS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
2024
color blindness and hemophilia - ANSWER sex-linked traits,
cones lack one or more wavelength-sensitive chemicals, you will be unable to distinguish the colors red,
green or blue. Some conditions that can cause color deficits are sickle cell anemia.
Thiazide diuretics mechanism of action - ANSWER -Inhibit Na reabsorption in the *distal tubule*
-Promotes up to 10% of Na and H2O excretion
-Increase urinary excretion of other electrolytes
Diuril (chlorothiazide) - ANSWER 1st line drug tx for antihypertensive, thiazide diuretic, tx by reducing bld
vol, increased urination
Calcium Channel Blockers - ANSWER (INE)agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into heart muscle
cells, causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for oxygen and nutrients, and a
relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to cause dilation; used to prevent or treat angina
pectoris, some arrhythmias, and hypertension
Ca Channel Blockers - ANSWER Dilate the arteries and reduce the force of the heart's contractions
Norvasc (amlodipine)
Cardizem (Diltiazem)
ACE inhibitors adverse effects - ANSWER 1. first dose hypotension
2. orthostatic hypotension
3.tachycardia
4.photosensitvity
5.renal insufficiency
6. hyperkalemia
7. Angioedema
,8. Bone marrow depression
Beta Blockers - ANSWER decrease heart rate and dilate arteries by blocking beta receptors by inhibiting
effects of norepi
Escitalopram - ANSWER Lexapro
SSRI
pituitary gland - ANSWER The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the
hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
atherosclerotic plaque - ANSWER fatty deposits accumulated due to elevated glucose levels
Primary HTN risk factors - ANSWER 1. Genetic predisposition
2. Excess dietary salt intake
3. Adrenergic tone
4. racial pattern (HIGHEST : African Americans)
Primary HTN causes - ANSWER Renal Parenchymal disease
Renal vascular disease
essential HTN
Cardiovascular disease
CNS abnormalities
Endocrine disease
Syndromes
Medication related (rare).
EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) proteins, mutation driving lung cancer - ANSWER medicate
with Tagrisso, a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
, Tagrisso (osimertinib) - ANSWER non-small cell lung cancer
muscular dystrophy (MD) - ANSWER group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of
muscle and weakness
Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) - ANSWER Dx based on physical symptoms, family history, an elevated
concentration of creatine kinase (CK) in the blood indicating destruction of muscle, and molecular
genetic testing.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy symptoms - ANSWER Pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles; use upper
extremity to help them stand up; waddling gait
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance - ANSWER Skips generations, usually seen in only 1 generation.
25% of offsprings from 2 carrier parents affected.
Often due to enzyme deficiencies, more severe than dominant disorders; symptoms presents in
childhood.
autosomal dominant inheritance - ANSWER presence of certain genes that means there is a 100%
chance of the person eventually getting the disease
autosomal dominant disorders - ANSWER Huntington's Disease
Achondroplasia
Neurofibromatosis
autosomal recessive disorders - ANSWER Tay-Sachs, Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, phenylketonuria
anterior pituitary gland - ANSWER AKA the adenohypophysis, the anterior pituitary is made of glandular
tissue. It makes and secretes six different hormones: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, and growth
hormone. The anterior pituitary is controlled by releasing and inhibiting factors from the hypothalamus
posterior pituitary gland - ANSWER ADH and oxytocin
