Chapter 14 – feeding and eating disorders
How eating patterns develop:
Normal development:
Girls are more anxious about their weight than boys are. Concerns about weight can be reduced or
increased by comments of parents, friends and romantic partners. The early parent-child relationship
on fundamental biological processes are important. Also entering a school is a developmental mark
increasing social pressure.
Developmental risk factors:
Drive for thinness: key motivational variable that underlies dieting and body image, among young
females, whereby the individual believes that losing more weight is the answer to overcoming their
trouble s and achieving success negative side effects of weight preoccupation, concern and
restrained eating increases the risk of an eating disorder.
Disturbed eating attitudes: person’s belief that cultural standards for attractiveness, body image and
social acceptance are closely tied to one’s ability to control diet and weight grain.
Weight concerns and body image appear to be related to the onset of eating problems and eating
disorders during adolescence. Family meals can function as a protective factor against eating
disorders.
The timing of maturation affects dieting behavior, girls who mature early are likely to be heavier than
late-maturing peers. Pubertal weight gain, dating and threats to achievement status often promote
body dissatisfaction, distress and perceived loss of control in young adolescents lower self-
esteem.
Chronic dieting seems strongly related to both gender and developmental factors. People who diet
are vulnerable to binge eating. Dieting is a risk factor for eating problems.
Purging: behavior aimed at ridding the body of consumed food, including self-induced vomiting
(braken) and misuse of laxatives, diuretics or enemas.
Biological regulators:
Eating and sleeping is a natural process controlled by biorhythms.
Metabolic rate: based on individual genetic and physiological makeup as well as eating and exercise
habits.
Set point: which is a comfortable range of body weight that the body tries to defend and maintain.
When you lose weight under your set point the brain (hypothalamus) compensates by slowing
metabolism binge eating. Also the other way around. When you are too heavy the metabolism
speeds up to burn of extra calories.
The biology of growth involves the manner in which circulating hormones interact with available
nutritional resources to produce changes throughout the skeletal system GH (growth hormone)
and thyroid hormone. There is a connection made in the brain which involves emotional sensation
and response connection between eating disorders and emotional disorders.
, Obesity:
Childhood obesity: chronic medical condition similar to hypertension or diabetes. It is characterized
by excessive body fat relative to gender- and age-based norms BMI.
It is not a mental disorder, but it can affect a child’s psychological and physical development.
Prevalence and development:
Prevalence of obesity has increased in developed and developing countries. But the rates remain
high. Childhood-onset obesity is more likely to persist into adolescence and adulthood health
concerns. Overweight children and adolescents may require assistance at an early age in developing
a healthy, acceptable body image and eating patterns to resist the harmful and cruel pressures of
early adolescence.
SES has an big influence on eating habit, healthy food is less available and junk food is cheaper and
more available. Also the neighborhood is less safe, so children play more at home than exercise
outside. About 30% of the children (5-17 years) has obesity in the united states.
Causes:
Heritability may account for a substantial proportion of the variance in obesity, other individual and
family-related factors such as dietary and lifestyle preferences also play a role.
Leptin is identified as a hormone that carries instructions to the brain to regulate energy and
appetite. People with overweight have deficiencies or resistance in the hormone leptin. Connection
between leptin and the brain explains the hunger when dieting and slows the metabolism gaining
back the lost weight.
Parents determine the available food and they are a model and approach to exercise and diet.
Parents with obese children have problems with setting limits (family disorganization) overeating.
Treatment and prevention:
Behavioral intervention efforts consider the child and the family’s resources. Family influences are
important it can be a prevention and treatment more active. Change the environment and daily
routines as needed. Make sure the child s more adaptive and self-managed with eating and physical
activity skill teaching like self-control.
In school unhealthy food is less available, education children in nutrition, exercise and awareness of
healthy eating attitudes and body image.
Feeding and eating disorders first occurring in infancy and early childhood:
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID):
ARFID: characterized by avoidance or restriction of food intake, leading to weight loss and/or
nutritional deficiency. One or more of four key features must be present: weight loss, nutritional
deficiency, dependence on enteral feeding or oral nutritional supplements or marked interference
with psychosocial functioning.
Prevalence rates are unknown. This disorder can be troublesome because it can have lasting effects
on growth and development. Equally common between boys and girls. Mostly begins in childhood.
Failure of thrive (FTT): term used to describe serious growth and nutritional problems in infants,
subsumed under avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder consequences for physical and
psychological development. Often connected to abusive caregiving during early infancy.
How eating patterns develop:
Normal development:
Girls are more anxious about their weight than boys are. Concerns about weight can be reduced or
increased by comments of parents, friends and romantic partners. The early parent-child relationship
on fundamental biological processes are important. Also entering a school is a developmental mark
increasing social pressure.
Developmental risk factors:
Drive for thinness: key motivational variable that underlies dieting and body image, among young
females, whereby the individual believes that losing more weight is the answer to overcoming their
trouble s and achieving success negative side effects of weight preoccupation, concern and
restrained eating increases the risk of an eating disorder.
Disturbed eating attitudes: person’s belief that cultural standards for attractiveness, body image and
social acceptance are closely tied to one’s ability to control diet and weight grain.
Weight concerns and body image appear to be related to the onset of eating problems and eating
disorders during adolescence. Family meals can function as a protective factor against eating
disorders.
The timing of maturation affects dieting behavior, girls who mature early are likely to be heavier than
late-maturing peers. Pubertal weight gain, dating and threats to achievement status often promote
body dissatisfaction, distress and perceived loss of control in young adolescents lower self-
esteem.
Chronic dieting seems strongly related to both gender and developmental factors. People who diet
are vulnerable to binge eating. Dieting is a risk factor for eating problems.
Purging: behavior aimed at ridding the body of consumed food, including self-induced vomiting
(braken) and misuse of laxatives, diuretics or enemas.
Biological regulators:
Eating and sleeping is a natural process controlled by biorhythms.
Metabolic rate: based on individual genetic and physiological makeup as well as eating and exercise
habits.
Set point: which is a comfortable range of body weight that the body tries to defend and maintain.
When you lose weight under your set point the brain (hypothalamus) compensates by slowing
metabolism binge eating. Also the other way around. When you are too heavy the metabolism
speeds up to burn of extra calories.
The biology of growth involves the manner in which circulating hormones interact with available
nutritional resources to produce changes throughout the skeletal system GH (growth hormone)
and thyroid hormone. There is a connection made in the brain which involves emotional sensation
and response connection between eating disorders and emotional disorders.
, Obesity:
Childhood obesity: chronic medical condition similar to hypertension or diabetes. It is characterized
by excessive body fat relative to gender- and age-based norms BMI.
It is not a mental disorder, but it can affect a child’s psychological and physical development.
Prevalence and development:
Prevalence of obesity has increased in developed and developing countries. But the rates remain
high. Childhood-onset obesity is more likely to persist into adolescence and adulthood health
concerns. Overweight children and adolescents may require assistance at an early age in developing
a healthy, acceptable body image and eating patterns to resist the harmful and cruel pressures of
early adolescence.
SES has an big influence on eating habit, healthy food is less available and junk food is cheaper and
more available. Also the neighborhood is less safe, so children play more at home than exercise
outside. About 30% of the children (5-17 years) has obesity in the united states.
Causes:
Heritability may account for a substantial proportion of the variance in obesity, other individual and
family-related factors such as dietary and lifestyle preferences also play a role.
Leptin is identified as a hormone that carries instructions to the brain to regulate energy and
appetite. People with overweight have deficiencies or resistance in the hormone leptin. Connection
between leptin and the brain explains the hunger when dieting and slows the metabolism gaining
back the lost weight.
Parents determine the available food and they are a model and approach to exercise and diet.
Parents with obese children have problems with setting limits (family disorganization) overeating.
Treatment and prevention:
Behavioral intervention efforts consider the child and the family’s resources. Family influences are
important it can be a prevention and treatment more active. Change the environment and daily
routines as needed. Make sure the child s more adaptive and self-managed with eating and physical
activity skill teaching like self-control.
In school unhealthy food is less available, education children in nutrition, exercise and awareness of
healthy eating attitudes and body image.
Feeding and eating disorders first occurring in infancy and early childhood:
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID):
ARFID: characterized by avoidance or restriction of food intake, leading to weight loss and/or
nutritional deficiency. One or more of four key features must be present: weight loss, nutritional
deficiency, dependence on enteral feeding or oral nutritional supplements or marked interference
with psychosocial functioning.
Prevalence rates are unknown. This disorder can be troublesome because it can have lasting effects
on growth and development. Equally common between boys and girls. Mostly begins in childhood.
Failure of thrive (FTT): term used to describe serious growth and nutritional problems in infants,
subsumed under avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder consequences for physical and
psychological development. Often connected to abusive caregiving during early infancy.
