NURS 611 Patho Final (Peel IWU) Exam Study Guide

precipitating factors - triggers acute episode predisposing factor - risk factors Pathogenesis - development of disease prophylaxis - prevent spread of disease Morbidity - disease rates within a group mortality - relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease free radical formation - - Hypoxic injury leads to anaerobic metabolism leads to lactic acidosis leads to decrease in ATP/failure of K+/Na+ pump leads to reperfusion injury leads to reactive oxygen species/free radicals o Reperfusion injury: when blood flow is restored, injury can result leads to mitochondria are damaged and reactive oxygen species (ROS) form - Steal electrons from other cells - Electrically charged atom or group of atoms with unpaired electrons - Leads to: · Lipid peroxidation membrane damage · Protein modifications breakdown, misfolding · DNA damage mutations 5 adaptations of the cell - atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia atrophy - decrease in size of cell (result is reduced tissue mass) hypertrophy - increase in size of cells (result is enlarged tissue mass) Hyperplasia - increased number of cells (result is enlarged tissue mass) Metaplasia - Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type; cell type change Dysplasia - cells vary in size and shape within a tissue, irreversible neoplasia - "new growth" commonly called tumor anaplasia - undifferentiated cells, with variable nuclear and cell structures changes of fluid volume and fluid shifts - water moves between compartments via hydrostatic and osmotic pressure - Hydrostatic pushes - Osmotic pulls Fluid circulates via filtration and osmosis