Research Case Solutions - Sawyers & Gill, Federal Tax
Research 13th Edition
What are the meaning of the following?
experimental psychology - ANSWER: the study of behavior and thinking using the
experimental method
psychology - ANSWER: the science of bahavior and mental processes
hindsight bias - ANSWER: the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome that
one would have foreseen it (also known as I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)
critical thinking - ANSWER: thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and
conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates
evidence, and assesses conclusions
hypothesis - ANSWER: a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
operational definition - ANSWER: a carefully worded statement of the exact
procedures (operations) used in a research study. For example, human intelligence
may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures
replication - ANSWER: repeating the essence of a research study, usually with
different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends
to other participants and circumstances
case study - ANSWER: an observation technique in which one person is studied in
depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
survey - ANSWER: a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or
behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random
sample of a group
population - ANSWER: all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples
may be drawn
random sample - ANSWER: a sample that fairly represents a population because
each member has an equal chance of inclusion
naturalistic observation - ANSWER: observing and recording behavior in naturally
occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
, correlation - ANSWER: a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together,
and thus of how well either factor predicts the other
correlation coefficient - ANSWER: a statistical index of the relationship between two
things (from -1 to +1)
scatterplot - ANSWER: a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values
of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship
between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the
correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation).
experiment - ANSWER: a research method in which an investigator manipulates one
or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or
mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the
experimenter aims to control other relevant factors
random assignment - ANSWER: assigning participants to experimental and control
groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to
the different groups
double-blind procedure - ANSWER: an experimental procedure in which both the
research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the
research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in
drug-evaluation studies.
placebo effect - ANSWER: experimental results caused by expectations alone; any
effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition,
which the recipient assumes is an active agent
experimental group - ANSWER: in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the
treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable
control group - ANSWER: in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the
treatment; contracts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for
evaluating the effect of the treatment
independent variable - ANSWER: the experimental factor that is manipulated; the
variable whose effect is being studied
confounding variable - ANSWER: a factor other that the independent variable that
might produce an effect in an experiment
dependent variable - ANSWER: the outcome factor; the variable that may change in
response to manipulations of the independent variable
mode - ANSWER: the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution
Research 13th Edition
What are the meaning of the following?
experimental psychology - ANSWER: the study of behavior and thinking using the
experimental method
psychology - ANSWER: the science of bahavior and mental processes
hindsight bias - ANSWER: the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome that
one would have foreseen it (also known as I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)
critical thinking - ANSWER: thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and
conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates
evidence, and assesses conclusions
hypothesis - ANSWER: a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
operational definition - ANSWER: a carefully worded statement of the exact
procedures (operations) used in a research study. For example, human intelligence
may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures
replication - ANSWER: repeating the essence of a research study, usually with
different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends
to other participants and circumstances
case study - ANSWER: an observation technique in which one person is studied in
depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
survey - ANSWER: a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or
behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random
sample of a group
population - ANSWER: all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples
may be drawn
random sample - ANSWER: a sample that fairly represents a population because
each member has an equal chance of inclusion
naturalistic observation - ANSWER: observing and recording behavior in naturally
occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
, correlation - ANSWER: a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together,
and thus of how well either factor predicts the other
correlation coefficient - ANSWER: a statistical index of the relationship between two
things (from -1 to +1)
scatterplot - ANSWER: a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values
of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship
between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the
correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation).
experiment - ANSWER: a research method in which an investigator manipulates one
or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or
mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the
experimenter aims to control other relevant factors
random assignment - ANSWER: assigning participants to experimental and control
groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to
the different groups
double-blind procedure - ANSWER: an experimental procedure in which both the
research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the
research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in
drug-evaluation studies.
placebo effect - ANSWER: experimental results caused by expectations alone; any
effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition,
which the recipient assumes is an active agent
experimental group - ANSWER: in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the
treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable
control group - ANSWER: in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the
treatment; contracts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for
evaluating the effect of the treatment
independent variable - ANSWER: the experimental factor that is manipulated; the
variable whose effect is being studied
confounding variable - ANSWER: a factor other that the independent variable that
might produce an effect in an experiment
dependent variable - ANSWER: the outcome factor; the variable that may change in
response to manipulations of the independent variable
mode - ANSWER: the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution
