ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I am profoundly grateful to Dr Lett Lett Thein Tun,
Professor and Head, Department of Chemistry, Mawlamyine University, whose
leadership and commitment to fostering a collaborative and supportive academic
environment have been instrumental in the successful completion of this research.
I would also like to extend my heartfelt thanks to my supervisor, Dr Yi Yi
Win, Professor, Department of Chemistry, Mawlamyine University, for her
unwavering support, insightful guidance, and patient mentorship. Her assistance has
been the foundation of this work and has inspired my growth as a researcher. I am
deeply grateful for her generous help, invaluable suggestions, critical evaluation, and
kind cooperation, all of which were essential to the successful completion of this
research.
I am also deeply grateful to Dr Htay Htay Myint, Professor, Department of
Chemistry, Mawlamyine University, as well as Dr Khin Thida Nyo, Dr Thi Dar
Khaing, Dr Naung Lwi, and Dr Khin Khine Khine Tun, Associate Professors at the
Department of Chemistry, Mawlamyine University. Their valuable suggestions and
kind encouragement have been a constant source of motivation and inspiration.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Daw La Yeik Nu and Daw Naw
Tar Phe, Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator, the Department of Chemistry,
Mawlamyine University, for their kind help and assistance in screening the
antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. I am equally grateful to U Aung Kyaw Min,
Assistant Lecturer, Department of Chemistry, Pathein University, for his invaluable
help in screening the antimicrobial activity. My thanks are also extended to Dr Tha
Zin New Oo, Lecturer, Department of Chemistry, Mawlamyine University, for her
kind help and assistance in obtaining FT-IR spectral data.
Finally, I am deeply grateful to my beloved family, colleagues, friends, and
the dedicated staff members of the Chemistry Department for their invaluable help
and encouragement throughout my research. To everyone who contributed, whether in
big or small ways, their support has been crucial, and I am forever thankful.
Yin Ko Aung
2-MSc-Chem-11
, ABSTRACT
This research investigates the biological efficacy of crude extracts and isolated
compounds from the fruit shells of Swietenia macrophylla King (Mahogany).
A preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of various bioactive
compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, and terpenoids, while
cyanogenic glycosides and starch were absent. The extract yields were quantified,
showing the highest in watery extracts (23.24 %) followed by ethanol (6.65 %), ethyl
acetate (1.06 %), and petroleum ether (1.55 %). Nutritional analysis indicated that the
dried powdered fruit shells contain 80.86 % carbohydrates, 4.54 % proteins, and an
energy value of 348.68 kcal/100 g. Elemental analysis via EDXRF identified
significant amounts of potassium and calcium, among others. Two compounds were
isolated through silica gel column chromatography: Compound 1, a steroid likely to
be β-sitosterol, and Compound 2, a limonoid compound. The antimicrobial activity of
the extracts and isolated compounds was assessed against eight microorganisms,
showing that ethyl acetate extract had the highest activity, while Compound 2
demonstrated superior antimicrobial properties compared to Compound 1.
Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging assay,
revealing that the ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest activity, with Compound
2 being the most potent antioxidant agent. Additionally, both compounds showed
anti-diabetic properties in vitro, with Compound 2 having a lower IC50 value than
Compound 1, indicating stronger activity. Overall, the study suggests that Swietenia
macrophylla fruit shells possess significant nutritional, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and
anti-diabetic potential, particularly highlighting Compound 2 as a promising candidate
for further research in these areas.
Keywords: Swietenia macrophylla, Mahogany, β-sitosterol, FT IR, antidiabetic,
antioxidant
First and foremost, I am profoundly grateful to Dr Lett Lett Thein Tun,
Professor and Head, Department of Chemistry, Mawlamyine University, whose
leadership and commitment to fostering a collaborative and supportive academic
environment have been instrumental in the successful completion of this research.
I would also like to extend my heartfelt thanks to my supervisor, Dr Yi Yi
Win, Professor, Department of Chemistry, Mawlamyine University, for her
unwavering support, insightful guidance, and patient mentorship. Her assistance has
been the foundation of this work and has inspired my growth as a researcher. I am
deeply grateful for her generous help, invaluable suggestions, critical evaluation, and
kind cooperation, all of which were essential to the successful completion of this
research.
I am also deeply grateful to Dr Htay Htay Myint, Professor, Department of
Chemistry, Mawlamyine University, as well as Dr Khin Thida Nyo, Dr Thi Dar
Khaing, Dr Naung Lwi, and Dr Khin Khine Khine Tun, Associate Professors at the
Department of Chemistry, Mawlamyine University. Their valuable suggestions and
kind encouragement have been a constant source of motivation and inspiration.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Daw La Yeik Nu and Daw Naw
Tar Phe, Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator, the Department of Chemistry,
Mawlamyine University, for their kind help and assistance in screening the
antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. I am equally grateful to U Aung Kyaw Min,
Assistant Lecturer, Department of Chemistry, Pathein University, for his invaluable
help in screening the antimicrobial activity. My thanks are also extended to Dr Tha
Zin New Oo, Lecturer, Department of Chemistry, Mawlamyine University, for her
kind help and assistance in obtaining FT-IR spectral data.
Finally, I am deeply grateful to my beloved family, colleagues, friends, and
the dedicated staff members of the Chemistry Department for their invaluable help
and encouragement throughout my research. To everyone who contributed, whether in
big or small ways, their support has been crucial, and I am forever thankful.
Yin Ko Aung
2-MSc-Chem-11
, ABSTRACT
This research investigates the biological efficacy of crude extracts and isolated
compounds from the fruit shells of Swietenia macrophylla King (Mahogany).
A preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of various bioactive
compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, and terpenoids, while
cyanogenic glycosides and starch were absent. The extract yields were quantified,
showing the highest in watery extracts (23.24 %) followed by ethanol (6.65 %), ethyl
acetate (1.06 %), and petroleum ether (1.55 %). Nutritional analysis indicated that the
dried powdered fruit shells contain 80.86 % carbohydrates, 4.54 % proteins, and an
energy value of 348.68 kcal/100 g. Elemental analysis via EDXRF identified
significant amounts of potassium and calcium, among others. Two compounds were
isolated through silica gel column chromatography: Compound 1, a steroid likely to
be β-sitosterol, and Compound 2, a limonoid compound. The antimicrobial activity of
the extracts and isolated compounds was assessed against eight microorganisms,
showing that ethyl acetate extract had the highest activity, while Compound 2
demonstrated superior antimicrobial properties compared to Compound 1.
Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging assay,
revealing that the ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest activity, with Compound
2 being the most potent antioxidant agent. Additionally, both compounds showed
anti-diabetic properties in vitro, with Compound 2 having a lower IC50 value than
Compound 1, indicating stronger activity. Overall, the study suggests that Swietenia
macrophylla fruit shells possess significant nutritional, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and
anti-diabetic potential, particularly highlighting Compound 2 as a promising candidate
for further research in these areas.
Keywords: Swietenia macrophylla, Mahogany, β-sitosterol, FT IR, antidiabetic,
antioxidant
