©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
NURS 3309 PATHO Final Exam Study
Guide Solutions
Cardiac Cycle - Ans:✔✔-one contraction and on relaxation phase
Systole - Ans:✔✔-Contraction phase
- moves blood out of ventricles
Diastole - Ans:✔✔-Relaxation phase
- blood fills ventricles
Fill in the blank:
The heart is a _____-flowing pump. - Ans:✔✔-forward
Cardiac Cells (Myocardial Cells) - Ans:✔✔-Automaticity - certain cells (Pacemaker Cells) are able to
generate an impulse with NO outside stimulus
Rhythmicity- ability to regularly generate an action potential (60-100bpm)
Page 1/53
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
Conductivity- ability to rapidly transmits electrical impulses from one cell to another (intercalated disks)
- high number of mitochondria (ATP source)
- access ions form environment (Na+ and K+)
Cardiac Conduction Sequence - Ans:✔✔-Sa Node --> AV node --> bundle of His --> Rt and Lt bundle
branches --> purkinje fibers
How does the autonomic nervous system control heart rate? - Ans:✔✔-affects...
- rate of impulse (HR)
- depolarization and repolarization
- strength of contraction
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the heart? - Ans:✔✔-- increased Ca+ influx
- increases rate/strength of contraction (norepinephrine)
- dilate coronary arteries
Page 2/53
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect heart rate? - Ans:✔✔-decreases rate/strength of
contraction (acetylcholine)
Cardiac Output - Ans:✔✔-HR x SV
- amount of blood heart pumps out in a minute
Slower heart rate means... - Ans:✔✔-greater filling time
Faster heart rate means... - Ans:✔✔-slower filling time
Stroke Volume - Ans:✔✔-The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction.
- preload
- contractility
- afterload
Preload - Ans:✔✔-volume (pressure) in ventricles just before systole
Contractility - Ans:✔✔-force of contraction (Frank Starling Law)
Frank-Starling law: effect on cardiac output - Ans:✔✔-volume of blood at the end of diastole is directly
related to the force of contraction at the next systole
- preload will effect SV and CO
Page 3/53
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
Afterload - Ans:✔✔-resistance from aorta and left ventricle must overcome to get blood to rest of the
body
- diameter of the vessel's lumen
Arteries - Ans:✔✔-- thick walls
- pulsatile tissue: elastic, fibrous connective tissue smooth
- take blood away from the heart
Veins - Ans:✔✔-- thin walls
- larger diameter
- contain valves
- tissue: more fibrous connective tissue
- take deoxygenated blood back to heart
Capillaries - Ans:✔✔-Smallest blood vessels
- layer of endothelial cells surrounded by basement membrane, some have fenestrations
- allow diffusion of substances from circulatory system into the tissues
Endothelium - Ans:✔✔-the lining of blood vessels
Page 4/53
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
NURS 3309 PATHO Final Exam Study
Guide Solutions
Cardiac Cycle - Ans:✔✔-one contraction and on relaxation phase
Systole - Ans:✔✔-Contraction phase
- moves blood out of ventricles
Diastole - Ans:✔✔-Relaxation phase
- blood fills ventricles
Fill in the blank:
The heart is a _____-flowing pump. - Ans:✔✔-forward
Cardiac Cells (Myocardial Cells) - Ans:✔✔-Automaticity - certain cells (Pacemaker Cells) are able to
generate an impulse with NO outside stimulus
Rhythmicity- ability to regularly generate an action potential (60-100bpm)
Page 1/53
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
Conductivity- ability to rapidly transmits electrical impulses from one cell to another (intercalated disks)
- high number of mitochondria (ATP source)
- access ions form environment (Na+ and K+)
Cardiac Conduction Sequence - Ans:✔✔-Sa Node --> AV node --> bundle of His --> Rt and Lt bundle
branches --> purkinje fibers
How does the autonomic nervous system control heart rate? - Ans:✔✔-affects...
- rate of impulse (HR)
- depolarization and repolarization
- strength of contraction
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the heart? - Ans:✔✔-- increased Ca+ influx
- increases rate/strength of contraction (norepinephrine)
- dilate coronary arteries
Page 2/53
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect heart rate? - Ans:✔✔-decreases rate/strength of
contraction (acetylcholine)
Cardiac Output - Ans:✔✔-HR x SV
- amount of blood heart pumps out in a minute
Slower heart rate means... - Ans:✔✔-greater filling time
Faster heart rate means... - Ans:✔✔-slower filling time
Stroke Volume - Ans:✔✔-The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction.
- preload
- contractility
- afterload
Preload - Ans:✔✔-volume (pressure) in ventricles just before systole
Contractility - Ans:✔✔-force of contraction (Frank Starling Law)
Frank-Starling law: effect on cardiac output - Ans:✔✔-volume of blood at the end of diastole is directly
related to the force of contraction at the next systole
- preload will effect SV and CO
Page 3/53
, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
Afterload - Ans:✔✔-resistance from aorta and left ventricle must overcome to get blood to rest of the
body
- diameter of the vessel's lumen
Arteries - Ans:✔✔-- thick walls
- pulsatile tissue: elastic, fibrous connective tissue smooth
- take blood away from the heart
Veins - Ans:✔✔-- thin walls
- larger diameter
- contain valves
- tissue: more fibrous connective tissue
- take deoxygenated blood back to heart
Capillaries - Ans:✔✔-Smallest blood vessels
- layer of endothelial cells surrounded by basement membrane, some have fenestrations
- allow diffusion of substances from circulatory system into the tissues
Endothelium - Ans:✔✔-the lining of blood vessels
Page 4/53
