Name: Score:
90 Multiple choice questions
Term 1 of 90
What are the 3 main effects of Ca++ in LTP?
Ganglion cell is excited by one color in the center of the receptive field and inhibited by
the opposite color in the surrounding area.
1. blueON/yellowOFF
2. redON/greenOFF
3. redOFF/greenON
4. greenON/redOFF
5. greenOFF/redON
1. activate CaMKII: phosphorylates membrane bound AMPA receptors to increase ion flow,
phosphorylate vesicle bound AMPA receptors to put them onto the membrane
2. Activate AC --> increase cAMP, PKA, TF (long-term)
3. Activate NOS, NO go to pre-synaptic, SGC, cGMP, PKG, phosphorylate Ca++/K+ channels,
synaptic machinery (short term), TF (long term)
In the dark, a dark current has cyclic nucleotide gated channels --> when open, lots of Na+
and Ca2+ coming in and lots of K+ flowing out, so it is depolarizing and the rods and cones
are inactive
Extracts certain features from the environments, such as edges that activate the receptive
field (on/off center on/off surround) and integrates the extracted information
- RGC are able to detect an edge and the brain then fills in the rest of the information, the
"fill-in" phenomena
- Helps with contrast and be able to focus on various objects at various ranges
--> this contrast helps detect change in environment
,Term 2 of 90
Predict whether defective NOS would increase, decrease or have no effect on early and late LTP.
extracts certain features from the environments, such as edges that activate the receptive
field (on/off center on/off surround) and integrates the extracted information
- rgc are able to detect an edge and the brain then fills in the rest of the information, the
"fill-in" phenomena
- helps with contrast and be able to focus on various objects at various ranges
--> this contrast helps detect change in environment
decrease late in pre and post
increase late in post
decrease early and late in pre
Definition 3 of 90
Lesion 1: no right eye vision
-- lesion 1 is centralized right behind the right eye, there is no visual stimulus which can be
integrated from the right visual field
Lesion 2: no peripheral vision
-- nasal portions of retina and crossing them at the optic chiasm
Lesion 3: no "left sides" field vision
What parts of the visual field are affected by lesions 1, 2 and 3?
What is the Morris water maze and how does it work to test memory?
What does the spanish castle illusion tell us about how color vision is processed in the
brain?
What is the evidence that LTP has anything to do with learning and memory?
,Term 4 of 90
A) What is the function of extensors and flexors?
B) Why are both required to achieve movement?
C) Alligators have relatively weak extensors. Why does that make them safer to wrestle than
crocodiles?
You can sense that pain is there without thinking that it hurts
ex: capsasien activates nociceptors w/o giving sensation of pain, pain can be inhibited in
higher level processes
A) Sensitization: create bigger response
Classical conditioning: create association, has the coincidence detector
B) AC: when you touch siphon, AP opens VG Ca++ channel so the Ca++ from AP and PKA
phosphorylating channels causes AC to create more cAMP and PKA
A) extensors: open joints
flexsors: close of the flex joints
B)Activate one and inhibit the other
C) Alligators have weak extensor muscles so it is easy to hold their mouth shut after it's
closed
A) myotatic: don't drop your beer
- flexors activated and extensor inhibited at the same time
reverse myotatic: don't throw your beer
- flexors deactivated and extensors activated at the same time
B) draw out
, Term 5 of 90
What is the visual adaption? Why is it important? Describe at least three mechanisms for it.
Visual adaption is negative feedback -- typically induced through changes in light in the
environment.
Its important so that there is no after image of the previously detected stimuli. As well, due
to having the ability to detect changes in intensity of light and to detect contrast in the
environment
Mechanisms:
1.Decrease Ca++ --> recoverin --> RK --> Phospho-GPCR --> arrestin binds
2. Decrease Ca++ --> GCAP --> GC --> increase cGMP--> activation of CNGC
3. RGS causes re-association of subunits through GTP-GDP exchange
LIGHT: they hyperpolarize (in response to glutamate) --> BPC receives less glutamate from
the photoreceptors --> leads to depolarization in the BPCs --> releasing more glutamate
DARK: BPCs receive more glutamate from photoreceptors --> hyperpolarize --> release
less glutamate due to response at the metabotropic receptor
You can sense that pain is there without thinking that it hurts
ex: capsasien activates nociceptors w/o giving sensation of pain, pain can be inhibited in
higher level processes
It can be traced back to the Morris Water Maze where a mouse has to find a platform in a
small pool of water. If CaMKII is increased, this induces learning and triggers LTP visual
cues, via hippocampal placement cells, to associate where the platform is in relation to the
maze.
90 Multiple choice questions
Term 1 of 90
What are the 3 main effects of Ca++ in LTP?
Ganglion cell is excited by one color in the center of the receptive field and inhibited by
the opposite color in the surrounding area.
1. blueON/yellowOFF
2. redON/greenOFF
3. redOFF/greenON
4. greenON/redOFF
5. greenOFF/redON
1. activate CaMKII: phosphorylates membrane bound AMPA receptors to increase ion flow,
phosphorylate vesicle bound AMPA receptors to put them onto the membrane
2. Activate AC --> increase cAMP, PKA, TF (long-term)
3. Activate NOS, NO go to pre-synaptic, SGC, cGMP, PKG, phosphorylate Ca++/K+ channels,
synaptic machinery (short term), TF (long term)
In the dark, a dark current has cyclic nucleotide gated channels --> when open, lots of Na+
and Ca2+ coming in and lots of K+ flowing out, so it is depolarizing and the rods and cones
are inactive
Extracts certain features from the environments, such as edges that activate the receptive
field (on/off center on/off surround) and integrates the extracted information
- RGC are able to detect an edge and the brain then fills in the rest of the information, the
"fill-in" phenomena
- Helps with contrast and be able to focus on various objects at various ranges
--> this contrast helps detect change in environment
,Term 2 of 90
Predict whether defective NOS would increase, decrease or have no effect on early and late LTP.
extracts certain features from the environments, such as edges that activate the receptive
field (on/off center on/off surround) and integrates the extracted information
- rgc are able to detect an edge and the brain then fills in the rest of the information, the
"fill-in" phenomena
- helps with contrast and be able to focus on various objects at various ranges
--> this contrast helps detect change in environment
decrease late in pre and post
increase late in post
decrease early and late in pre
Definition 3 of 90
Lesion 1: no right eye vision
-- lesion 1 is centralized right behind the right eye, there is no visual stimulus which can be
integrated from the right visual field
Lesion 2: no peripheral vision
-- nasal portions of retina and crossing them at the optic chiasm
Lesion 3: no "left sides" field vision
What parts of the visual field are affected by lesions 1, 2 and 3?
What is the Morris water maze and how does it work to test memory?
What does the spanish castle illusion tell us about how color vision is processed in the
brain?
What is the evidence that LTP has anything to do with learning and memory?
,Term 4 of 90
A) What is the function of extensors and flexors?
B) Why are both required to achieve movement?
C) Alligators have relatively weak extensors. Why does that make them safer to wrestle than
crocodiles?
You can sense that pain is there without thinking that it hurts
ex: capsasien activates nociceptors w/o giving sensation of pain, pain can be inhibited in
higher level processes
A) Sensitization: create bigger response
Classical conditioning: create association, has the coincidence detector
B) AC: when you touch siphon, AP opens VG Ca++ channel so the Ca++ from AP and PKA
phosphorylating channels causes AC to create more cAMP and PKA
A) extensors: open joints
flexsors: close of the flex joints
B)Activate one and inhibit the other
C) Alligators have weak extensor muscles so it is easy to hold their mouth shut after it's
closed
A) myotatic: don't drop your beer
- flexors activated and extensor inhibited at the same time
reverse myotatic: don't throw your beer
- flexors deactivated and extensors activated at the same time
B) draw out
, Term 5 of 90
What is the visual adaption? Why is it important? Describe at least three mechanisms for it.
Visual adaption is negative feedback -- typically induced through changes in light in the
environment.
Its important so that there is no after image of the previously detected stimuli. As well, due
to having the ability to detect changes in intensity of light and to detect contrast in the
environment
Mechanisms:
1.Decrease Ca++ --> recoverin --> RK --> Phospho-GPCR --> arrestin binds
2. Decrease Ca++ --> GCAP --> GC --> increase cGMP--> activation of CNGC
3. RGS causes re-association of subunits through GTP-GDP exchange
LIGHT: they hyperpolarize (in response to glutamate) --> BPC receives less glutamate from
the photoreceptors --> leads to depolarization in the BPCs --> releasing more glutamate
DARK: BPCs receive more glutamate from photoreceptors --> hyperpolarize --> release
less glutamate due to response at the metabotropic receptor
You can sense that pain is there without thinking that it hurts
ex: capsasien activates nociceptors w/o giving sensation of pain, pain can be inhibited in
higher level processes
It can be traced back to the Morris Water Maze where a mouse has to find a platform in a
small pool of water. If CaMKII is increased, this induces learning and triggers LTP visual
cues, via hippocampal placement cells, to associate where the platform is in relation to the
maze.
