Summary Phonetic Rules

Phonemes

A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound within a word

A phoneme consists of multiple allophones

An allophone doesn't change in meaning


-Sounds can be allophones of the same phoneme

-Sounds can be different phonemes


Minimal pairs are two words that are the same except for one sound

Change of word and meaning = different phonemes

When meaning doesn't change = allophones




Consonants

- Place of articulation
- Manner of articulation
- strong/weak contrast

Place of articulation:
Bilabial - lip to lip
Labio-dental - lip to teeth
Dental - tip of tongue to teeth
Alveolar - tip of tongue to teeth-ridge
Post-alveolar - tip of tongue to rear of teeth-ridge
Palato-alveolar - front of tongue to front of plate and rear of teeth-ridge
Palatal - centre of tongue to palate
Velar - back of tongue to soft palate
Uvular - back of tongue to uvula
Glottal - Larynx




Bilabial

, pbmw

Labio-dental
fv

Dental
θðð

Alveolar
tdnszl

Post-alveolar
r

Palato-alveolar
tʃ d͡ʒ ʃ ʒ d͡ʒ ʃ ʒ ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ ʒ ʒ ʃ ʒ

Palatal
j

Velar
kgŋ

Uvular
Dutch r

Glottal
h [ʔ]]

Manner of articulation

Plosives
Air is stopped in the mouth before being released suddenly
pbtdkg

Affricates
Air is stopped in the mouth and then released with friction
tʃ d͡ʒ ʃ ʒ d͡ʒ ʃ ʒ

Fricatives
Air is being released through a narrow opening with friction
f v θð ð h


Nasals
Air is stopped in the mouth and let out through the nose by lowering the soft palate
(velum)
mnŋ