A&P 1 Portage Learning Module 2

1 atm (atmosphere) = ? mm Hg - answer-760 mm Hg alveolar ducts - answer-arise from respiratory bronchioles, surrounded by alveolar sacs (grape-like clusters of alveoli) Alveolar Epithelium Type 1 cells - answer-form a very thin, simple squamous epithelium of alveoli in junction with capillaries Make up 95% of alveolar epithelium. Alveolar Epithelium Type 2 cells - answer-produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant needed throughout alveolar surface to keep alveoli open Can divide to replace damaged Type 1 cells. 5% of alveolar epithelium Alveolar macrophages - answer-aka dust cells, distinct from epithelial tissue of alveoli. most abundant cell within alveoli primary defense mechanism of alveoli: phagocytize toxic particles, allergens, or infectious material Alveoli - answer-each respiratory bronchiole ends in elongates space enclosed by multiple air pockets called alveoli (within alveolar sacs) millions of alveoli in lungs, enable gas exchange (blood air barrier) Aspiration - answer-Occurs when food/liquid accidentally enters the trachea (then lungs) Basement membrane - answer-"floor" of the epithelium in the respiratory tract Be able to identify parts of the respiratory system - answer-see diagrams, study online Blood-oxygen exchange - answer-oxygen diffusing into blood from lungs/CO2 diffusing out of blood into lungs based on concentration gradient of each gas. Boyle's Law - answer-The pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to it's volume: lower volume = higher pressure and vice versa. Helps explain why inspiration and expiration can take place. Bronchioles - answer-form interface bw conducting portion and respiratory portion of resp system Charle's Law - answer-the volume of a given quantity of gas is indirectly proportional to its temperature: higher temp = higher gas volume and vice versa. Helps explain why warming air is beneficial to respiratory system CO2 transport - answer-30% transported by combining with hemoglobin Most CO2 transported as bicarbonate ion remainder of CO2 (~10%) carried freely in blood conducting portion of respiratory system - answer--Nostril, nasal cavities -Pharynx: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx -Larynx -Trachea -Paired main/primary bronchi -Secondary and tertiary bronchioles Cystic Fibrosis - answer-A serious genetic disease of excretory glands, affecting epithelial cells of the lungs and other organs. causes production of very thick mucus (not enough saline) that interferes with normal digestion and breathing. Dalton's Law - answer-total pressure of a gas mixture = sum of partial pressures (PP) of individual gasses i.e. ppO2 + ppCO2 + ppN2 = 1 atmosphere Emphysema - answer-Smoking often a cause, damage to alveoli -- inner walls of alveoli weaken and rupture. Loss of alveoli causes loss of alveolar ventilation ability and loss of total gas exchange breathing becomes very difficult for patients even at rest Exhalation/expiration - answer-Occurs passively: when rib cage is lowered and diaphragm rises, thoracic pressure increases and therefore air moves out of the lungs where the pressure is lower Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) - answer-maximum amount of air able to be exhaled beyond normal exhalation (with determined effort). Typically ~1,200 mL filtration portion of resp system - answer--nostrils: hairs, cilia, mucus-producing goblet cells -trachea and bronchi: cilia and mucus-producing goblet cells Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) - answer-RV+ERV Functions of the pleura - answer-- facilitates movement of the lungs with body wall - enclose the lungs/pleural cavity Glottis - answer-An opening in the larynx where the vocal cords (vocal folds) are located goblet cells - answer-mucus producing cells, present in epithelium of resp tract, goblet/wineglass appearance mucus traps debris within resp tract, more easily removed by cilia Goblet cells - answer-produce mucous, shaped like goblets/wine glasses. Present in epithelium of resp tract, nostrils, trachea and bronchi Gross anatomy - answer-The study of organs and structures of the human body visible to the human eye hard palate vs. soft palate - answer-the soft palate is located posterior to the hard palate (see diagram) separate nasal cavities from mouth hemoglobin - answer-protein molecule on blood cells that combines with oxygen entering blood to carry from lungs to cells. 250 mil hemoglobin molecules in each RBC -- each RBC can carry 1 bil O2 molecules Hilum - answer-Root of the lung, where pulmonary vessels and bronchi enter each lung histology - answer-study of cellular anatomy of a tissue or organ that can be viewed thru a microscope How are the lungs situated? - answer-Asymmetrical due to position of heart which is slightly left of median plane. incomplete ventilation - answer-lungs do not completely empty during each breathing cycle -- air entering mixes with remaining air, helps conserve water and maintain constant temp Inspiratory Capacity (IC) - answer-TV+IRV or VC-ERV Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) - answer-maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation. Typically ~3,000 mL Laryngopharynx - answer-where pharynx, larynx, and esophagus meet superior and posterior to larynx epithelium caries within pharynx due to amount of movement in area stratified squamous epithelium protects these tissues from frictional damage Larynx - answer-attached to trachea larynx and trachea permanently held open to receive air made of single cartilages and paired cartilages Lobes of the lungs - answer-3 right, 2 left Minute Volume (MV) - answer-Respiratory rate (RR) paired with different lung capacity measurements to determine MV Most carbon dioxide is transported in blood in this form - answer-bicarbonate ions Nasal cavities - answer-aka fossae composed of bone and cartilage, made of several parts: -left and right fossae separated by nasal septum -vestibule: most external portion of nasal cavity just inside nostrils (lined with stratified squamous epithelium) -short thick hairs called vibrissae, screening device for resp tract Nasal conchae - answer-Folds past the vestibules that increase surface area allowing incoming air to be warmed and humidified to warm air, nasal cavity highly vascularized (many blood vessels) -- nose bleeds common Nasopharynx - answer-connection bw nasal cavity and pharynx, above soft palate Eustachian tubes connect nasopharynx to each middle ear Oropharynx - answer-region posterior to mouth and anterior to epiglottis Paired cartilage - answer-smaller in size to single cartilages, include: -arytenoid cartilage -corniculate cartilage -cuneiform cartilage P