PSY321 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2024

how is sleep measured? - EEG how many stages of sleep are there? - four stages (3 non REM, 1 REM) why do we need sleep? - to recharge our body how does REM help us? - helps with our - mental health - memory - learning what are the three standard psychophysiological measures of sleep – 1. EEG - brain activity 2. EOG - eye movement 3. EMG - muscle tone It Is a combination of EEG, EOG, and EMG - PSG How else can we measure sleep? – - apple watch - applications - sleep diary stage 1 sleep - light sleep stage 2 sleep - deeper than stage 1 but still light, has K complex and sleep spindles stage 3 sleep - deep sleep and slower waves (delta waves) how long is a sleep cycle? - 90 minutes The brain is disconnected from the brain in this stage. a) stage 1 b) stage 2 c) stage 3 - c) stage 3 what does REM stand for? - rapid eye movement what waves are alertness associated with? - beta waves what waves do you get when you are about to sleep? - alpha waves in which stage do you get delta waves? - stage 3 when the night progresses REM gets more and more, true or false - true how many non-REM stages of sleep do we have? - three is REM sleep good? - yes what happens during REM? – - rapid eye movement - almost paralyzed - heart rate increase is your brain highly active during REM? - yes what did the sleep-deprived students stated? - they felt sleepy and drowsy from 3 to 6 am every night but after 6 am they were wide awake again, a wavelike affect effects of sleep deprivation in humans – - mood swings - problems maintaining awake - micro sleeps - poor cognitive ability - changes in sympathetic nervous system activity (fight or flight) what is micro sleep? - 2-3 seconds of drowsiness or sleeping that occurs while a person appears to be awake what do you think happens to animals who are totally sleep deprived? – - change in mood (they become aggressive) - fur or hair starts falling - loose weight - severe stress does sleep deprivation in humans effects ability to perform physical exercise - no how long a rat can live for when totally sleep deprived? - 12 days what are the methods of REM-sleep deprivation? - wake up when entering REM stage what are the major effects of REM-sleep deprivation? - REM rebound (more REM after REM deprivation) REM theory - REM exist because its hard to maintain NREM does sleep deprivation increase sleep efficiency of sleep? - yes what blocks REM? - tricyclic antidepressants what are circadian rhythms? - the biological clock; it Is a natural and internal process that regulates our body on a 24-hour cycle what are zeitgebers? - trained circadian rhythm (cue); for example, we wake up when the sun rise give an example of circadian rhythm - sleep/wake cycle circadian rhythms in constant environments are said to be - free-running rhythms the duration of a free-running cycle is - free-running period is the circadian rhythm learned? - no what is a free-running rhythm? - when the individuals life is not guided by time cue that is caused by the circadian rhythms, e.g; sleep where does our circadian clock comes from? - it comes from the SCN which is located in the medial hypothalamus how many areas of the hypothalamus is involved In sleep? - two 1. anterior portion of the hypothalamus (sleep) 2. posterior portion of the hypothalamus (wakefulness) what are hypnotic drugs for? - for people that are facing problems in sleeping (can't sleep) what are anti-hypnotic drugs for? - for people that are facing problems staying awake (can't stay awake) example for a hypnotic drug - BZ what are the advantages and disadvantages of hypnotic drugs? - advantages: - increase drowsiness - increase sleep time - reduces wakefulness disadvantages: - develop tolerance - addictive - ruins normal sleep patterns - feeling drowsiness the next day - produce insomnia - reduce life expectancy what are the advantages and disadvantages of anti-hypnotic drugs? - advantages: - increase please of dopamine - increase wakefulness disadvantages: - develop tolerance - addictive - surpress apetite - increase anxiety - ruins normal sleep pattern what drug would a person with insomnia take? - hypnotic drugs example for a anti-hypnotic drug - tricyclic antidepressants what is melatonin made from? - serotonin, in the pineal gland What is melatonin? - a hormone that release serotonin in the pineal glad which releases rhythms, respond to darkness and promotes sleep what is the problem in melatonin? - it helps us fall asleep but it doesn't help us stay awake in the brain, what is the source of melatonin? - the pineal gland what is insomnia? - difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep examples for sleep disorders – - insomnia (not enough sleep) - hypersomnia (too much sleep) - REM-sleep disorder what is hypersomnia? - excessive sleep what brain region controls the circadian rhythms? - SCN which is in the medial hypothalamus what is iatrogenic? - a type of insomnia that is caused by medication what is an effective treatment for insomnia other than medications? - sleep restrictions What is sleep apnea? - a sleep disorder characterized by temporary not breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings because air stops from getting to the lungs and brain what are some causes of sleep apnea? – - obesity - getting old - it is more common in men than women types of insomnia – - sleep apnea - periodic limb movement syndrome - restless leg syndrome