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NU
NU 606: MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS UPDATED (2024/2025)
(VERIFIED ANSWERS)
Rheumatic aortic stenosis - ANS ✓-tissue inflammation r/I adhesions and
fusing of the commissures
-fibrosis and calcification of the leaflet tips can occur bc of continued turbulent
flow
-develop s/s b/w ages 30-70
-often valves are also regurgitant
-mitral valve disease may also be present
Degenerative aortic stenosis - ANS ✓-leaflets become inflexible bc calcium
deposits at eh bases
-leaflet tips remain relatively normal
-pt's usually over 70, particularly present in pt's with DM or high cholesterol
aortic stenosis - ANS ✓-Aortic valve area: <0.8cm2; left ventricle thickened
-s/s: chest pain, syncope, CHF
NU 606
, 2
NU
-clinical presentation: decreased and late carotid upstroke, apical impulse
displaced laterally and sustained, positive S4, mid systolic murmur, murmur on
right carotid
aortic regurgitation - ANS ✓-patho: a volume overload on the left ventricle bc
during diastole blood enters the ventricle from left atrium and aorta; "eccentric
hypertrophy"; aortic pulse pressure widens; aortic valve doesn't close tightly so
blood leaks backwards
-s/s: fatigue, SOB
-PE: hyperdynamic pulses, murmurs, S3, apical impulse displaced laterally
mitral stenosis - ANS ✓-etiology: rheumatic heart disease, congenital lesion or
calcium deposits, atrial masses or myxoma
-patho: mitral valve is bicuspid, valve area <1cm2, elevated pulmonary venous
pressure and elevated right-sided pressures, dilatation and reduced systolic
function noted in pt's with advanced MS
-PE: opening snap may be heard in early diastole, rales
etiology of acute mitral regurgitation - ANS ✓-ruptured chord tendinae:
infective endocarditis, trauma, acute rheumatic fever, "spontaneous"
-ruptured or dysfunctional papillary muscles: ischemia, MI, trauma, myocardial
abscess
-perforated leaflet: infective endocarditis, trauma
NU 606
NU
NU 606: MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS UPDATED (2024/2025)
(VERIFIED ANSWERS)
Rheumatic aortic stenosis - ANS ✓-tissue inflammation r/I adhesions and
fusing of the commissures
-fibrosis and calcification of the leaflet tips can occur bc of continued turbulent
flow
-develop s/s b/w ages 30-70
-often valves are also regurgitant
-mitral valve disease may also be present
Degenerative aortic stenosis - ANS ✓-leaflets become inflexible bc calcium
deposits at eh bases
-leaflet tips remain relatively normal
-pt's usually over 70, particularly present in pt's with DM or high cholesterol
aortic stenosis - ANS ✓-Aortic valve area: <0.8cm2; left ventricle thickened
-s/s: chest pain, syncope, CHF
NU 606
, 2
NU
-clinical presentation: decreased and late carotid upstroke, apical impulse
displaced laterally and sustained, positive S4, mid systolic murmur, murmur on
right carotid
aortic regurgitation - ANS ✓-patho: a volume overload on the left ventricle bc
during diastole blood enters the ventricle from left atrium and aorta; "eccentric
hypertrophy"; aortic pulse pressure widens; aortic valve doesn't close tightly so
blood leaks backwards
-s/s: fatigue, SOB
-PE: hyperdynamic pulses, murmurs, S3, apical impulse displaced laterally
mitral stenosis - ANS ✓-etiology: rheumatic heart disease, congenital lesion or
calcium deposits, atrial masses or myxoma
-patho: mitral valve is bicuspid, valve area <1cm2, elevated pulmonary venous
pressure and elevated right-sided pressures, dilatation and reduced systolic
function noted in pt's with advanced MS
-PE: opening snap may be heard in early diastole, rales
etiology of acute mitral regurgitation - ANS ✓-ruptured chord tendinae:
infective endocarditis, trauma, acute rheumatic fever, "spontaneous"
-ruptured or dysfunctional papillary muscles: ischemia, MI, trauma, myocardial
abscess
-perforated leaflet: infective endocarditis, trauma
NU 606
