1
NU
NU606/ NU 606 E XAM 1: (2024/
2025) ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
REVIEW| QS & AS| GRADE A| 100%
CORRECT (VERIFIED ANSWERS) – REGIS
Why is calcium important to the cell? - ANS ✓Calcium functions as an
important second messenger and systolic signal for many cell responses
Which of the following can result in membrane damage?
A. Inactivation of Na+/K+ ATPase
B. Oxidation of phospholipids
C. Ischemic activation of Ca2+ - regulated protease
D. All of the above
E. None of the above - ANS ✓D. All of the above
What are pathologic calcifications? - ANS ✓Abnormal tissue deposition of
calcium salts along with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium, etc
2 Types of Pathologic Calcifications - ANS ✓1. Dystrophic Calcification: Occurs
in dead or dying tissue. Seen in advance arthesclerosis, injured area of aorta,
large blood vessels + damaged valves
2. Metastatic Calcification: Occurs in normal tissue. Increase in serum
calcium levels causes this.
2 Patterns of reversible cell injury - ANS ✓Impairs cell function but does not
result in cell death
1. Cellular Swelling: Impairment of the energy-dependent Na+/K+, usually
as a result of hypoxic cell injury
2. Fatty Change: Linked to intracellular accumulation of fat
3 Major mechanisms whereby most injurious agents exert their effects -
ANS ✓1. Free radical and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation
- unpaired free-radicals causes them to be unstable and highly reactive
2. Free Radical Injury
- DNA effects, oxidative modification of proteins
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3. Hypoxic Cell Injury
- Deprives cell of oxygen and interrupts oxidative metabolism and the
generation of ATP. Longer tissue is hypoxic, the greater the chance of
irreversible cellular injury.
- Edema, respiratory disease, inadequate amount of o2
Apoptosis v Necrosis - ANS ✓Apoptosis = programmed cell death. Equated with
suicide, eliminates cells that are worn out, been produced in excess, etc.
Necrosis = Pathogenic cell death. Refers to cell death in an organ or tissues
that is still part of a living person. *OFTEN interferes with cell replacement
and tissue regeneration.*
Types of Gangrene
- When a considerable mass of tissue undergoes necrosis
1. Dry
2. Wet - ANS ✓1. Affected tissue becomes dry and shrinks, skin wrinkles and
color changes to dark brown or black.
*DRY gangrene is slow*
2. Affected area is cold, swollen, and pulseless. Skin is moist, black, and
under tension. Foul odor is caused by bacterial action.
*TISSUE DAMAGE IS RAPID*
A mother who is with her son when a cast is removed from his arm asks the
nurse "What is wrong with my son's arm? It looks so small!" What is the
nurse's *best* response?
a. "The cells have atrophied due to lack of use and will regain their size as
he starts to use the arm."
b. "The cast has squeezed the arm and decreased its size."
c. There is less fluid in the arm due to the arm's being compressed."
d. The child has lost weight." - ANS ✓A. "The cells have atrophied due to lack of
use and will regain their size as he starts to use the arm."
A client receives a phone call from her gyn ecologist’s office nurse and is
informed that her Pap test results identified mild dysplasia. The best
explanation for the nurse to provide would be:
A, "Minor degrees of dysplasia are associated with chronic irritation or
inflammation. However, we will need to do additional diagnostic studies to
confirm the diagnosis."
b. "You need emergency treatment; please come in to the office today."
C, "Do not be concerned; this is not abnormal."
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d. "You definitely have cancer." - ANS ✓A. "Minor degrees of dysplasia are
associated with chronic irritation or inflammation. However, we will need to do
additional diagnostic studies to confirm the diagnosis."
What is inflammation? - ANS ✓localized tissue response to injury
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation? - ANS ✓redness, swelling, heat,
pain, loss of function
What is the causes of inflammation? - ANS ✓-Trauma
-Surgery
-Caustic chemicals
-Extremes of heat and cold
-Ischemic damage to body tissues
Granulomatous inflammation - ANS ✓Associated with foreign bodies such as
splinters /sutures/silica /asbestos.
Also associated with micro organisms that cause tuberculosis, syphilis,
sarcoidosis, the fungal infections, brucellosis.
Vascular Changes that occur with inflammation? - ANS ✓1. An immediate
transient response
2. An immediate sustained response
3. A delayed hemodynamic response
Cellular Stage of Acute Inflammation - ANS ✓Response of Immune Cells to
Injury: Movement of White Blood Cells into area of injury:
1. Granulocytes ("granules")
2. Monocytes
Which of the following molecules will induce endothelial cell retraction?
A. Omega-3 Fatty Acids
B. Leukotrienes
C. Histamines
D. VCAM - ANS ✓C. Histamines
Acute Inflammation - ANS ✓- Minimal and short-lasting injury to tissue
- Aimed primarily at removing the injurious agent and limiting tissue
damage
- *INFILTRATION OF NEUTROPHILS*
Chronic Inflammation - ANS ✓Continuous injury or irritation to tissue
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- Recurrent or progressive acute inflammatory process or a low-grade
smouldering response that fails to evoke an acute response
- *INFILTRATION OF MACROPHAGES AND LYMPHOCYTES*
Types of Inflammatory Exudates?
A. Serous
B. Hemorrhagic
C. Membranous or Pseudomembranous
D. Purulent or Supportive
E. Fibrinous - ANS ✓A. Watery fluid low in protein content, plasma entering the
inflammatory site
B. Happens w severe tissue injury that causes damage to blood vessels or
when their is significant leakage of red cells from the capillaries.
C. Mucous membrane surfaces, composed of necrotic cells enmeshed in a
fibro purulent exudate
D. Contains pus, degraded white blood cells
E. Contains large amounts of fibrinogen and form a thick and sticky
meshwork
Prominent systemic manifestations of inflammation - ANS ✓-Acute Phase
Response
- Alteration in white blood cell count (increase WBC count)
- Fever
- Sepsis and septic shock
True or False: Permanent cells, once damaged, can easily be regenerated
and their auctions recovered. - ANS ✓FALSE
Acute Phase Response - ANS ✓A response of innate immunity that occurs soon
after the start of an infection and involves the synthesis of acute-phase proteins
by the liver and their secretion into the blood.
parachymal tissue - ANS ✓Tissues contain the functioning cells of an organ or
body part
stromal tissue - ANS ✓supportive, connective tissue of an organ, as
distinguished from its parenchyma
A. Labile Tissue
B. Stable Tissue
C. Permanent Tissue - ANS ✓A. Continue to divide and replicate throughout life,
replacing cells that are continually destroyed
NU606/ NU 606
NU
NU606/ NU 606 E XAM 1: (2024/
2025) ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
REVIEW| QS & AS| GRADE A| 100%
CORRECT (VERIFIED ANSWERS) – REGIS
Why is calcium important to the cell? - ANS ✓Calcium functions as an
important second messenger and systolic signal for many cell responses
Which of the following can result in membrane damage?
A. Inactivation of Na+/K+ ATPase
B. Oxidation of phospholipids
C. Ischemic activation of Ca2+ - regulated protease
D. All of the above
E. None of the above - ANS ✓D. All of the above
What are pathologic calcifications? - ANS ✓Abnormal tissue deposition of
calcium salts along with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium, etc
2 Types of Pathologic Calcifications - ANS ✓1. Dystrophic Calcification: Occurs
in dead or dying tissue. Seen in advance arthesclerosis, injured area of aorta,
large blood vessels + damaged valves
2. Metastatic Calcification: Occurs in normal tissue. Increase in serum
calcium levels causes this.
2 Patterns of reversible cell injury - ANS ✓Impairs cell function but does not
result in cell death
1. Cellular Swelling: Impairment of the energy-dependent Na+/K+, usually
as a result of hypoxic cell injury
2. Fatty Change: Linked to intracellular accumulation of fat
3 Major mechanisms whereby most injurious agents exert their effects -
ANS ✓1. Free radical and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation
- unpaired free-radicals causes them to be unstable and highly reactive
2. Free Radical Injury
- DNA effects, oxidative modification of proteins
NU606/ NU 606
, 2
NU
3. Hypoxic Cell Injury
- Deprives cell of oxygen and interrupts oxidative metabolism and the
generation of ATP. Longer tissue is hypoxic, the greater the chance of
irreversible cellular injury.
- Edema, respiratory disease, inadequate amount of o2
Apoptosis v Necrosis - ANS ✓Apoptosis = programmed cell death. Equated with
suicide, eliminates cells that are worn out, been produced in excess, etc.
Necrosis = Pathogenic cell death. Refers to cell death in an organ or tissues
that is still part of a living person. *OFTEN interferes with cell replacement
and tissue regeneration.*
Types of Gangrene
- When a considerable mass of tissue undergoes necrosis
1. Dry
2. Wet - ANS ✓1. Affected tissue becomes dry and shrinks, skin wrinkles and
color changes to dark brown or black.
*DRY gangrene is slow*
2. Affected area is cold, swollen, and pulseless. Skin is moist, black, and
under tension. Foul odor is caused by bacterial action.
*TISSUE DAMAGE IS RAPID*
A mother who is with her son when a cast is removed from his arm asks the
nurse "What is wrong with my son's arm? It looks so small!" What is the
nurse's *best* response?
a. "The cells have atrophied due to lack of use and will regain their size as
he starts to use the arm."
b. "The cast has squeezed the arm and decreased its size."
c. There is less fluid in the arm due to the arm's being compressed."
d. The child has lost weight." - ANS ✓A. "The cells have atrophied due to lack of
use and will regain their size as he starts to use the arm."
A client receives a phone call from her gyn ecologist’s office nurse and is
informed that her Pap test results identified mild dysplasia. The best
explanation for the nurse to provide would be:
A, "Minor degrees of dysplasia are associated with chronic irritation or
inflammation. However, we will need to do additional diagnostic studies to
confirm the diagnosis."
b. "You need emergency treatment; please come in to the office today."
C, "Do not be concerned; this is not abnormal."
NU606/ NU 606
, 3
NU
d. "You definitely have cancer." - ANS ✓A. "Minor degrees of dysplasia are
associated with chronic irritation or inflammation. However, we will need to do
additional diagnostic studies to confirm the diagnosis."
What is inflammation? - ANS ✓localized tissue response to injury
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation? - ANS ✓redness, swelling, heat,
pain, loss of function
What is the causes of inflammation? - ANS ✓-Trauma
-Surgery
-Caustic chemicals
-Extremes of heat and cold
-Ischemic damage to body tissues
Granulomatous inflammation - ANS ✓Associated with foreign bodies such as
splinters /sutures/silica /asbestos.
Also associated with micro organisms that cause tuberculosis, syphilis,
sarcoidosis, the fungal infections, brucellosis.
Vascular Changes that occur with inflammation? - ANS ✓1. An immediate
transient response
2. An immediate sustained response
3. A delayed hemodynamic response
Cellular Stage of Acute Inflammation - ANS ✓Response of Immune Cells to
Injury: Movement of White Blood Cells into area of injury:
1. Granulocytes ("granules")
2. Monocytes
Which of the following molecules will induce endothelial cell retraction?
A. Omega-3 Fatty Acids
B. Leukotrienes
C. Histamines
D. VCAM - ANS ✓C. Histamines
Acute Inflammation - ANS ✓- Minimal and short-lasting injury to tissue
- Aimed primarily at removing the injurious agent and limiting tissue
damage
- *INFILTRATION OF NEUTROPHILS*
Chronic Inflammation - ANS ✓Continuous injury or irritation to tissue
NU606/ NU 606
, 4
NU
- Recurrent or progressive acute inflammatory process or a low-grade
smouldering response that fails to evoke an acute response
- *INFILTRATION OF MACROPHAGES AND LYMPHOCYTES*
Types of Inflammatory Exudates?
A. Serous
B. Hemorrhagic
C. Membranous or Pseudomembranous
D. Purulent or Supportive
E. Fibrinous - ANS ✓A. Watery fluid low in protein content, plasma entering the
inflammatory site
B. Happens w severe tissue injury that causes damage to blood vessels or
when their is significant leakage of red cells from the capillaries.
C. Mucous membrane surfaces, composed of necrotic cells enmeshed in a
fibro purulent exudate
D. Contains pus, degraded white blood cells
E. Contains large amounts of fibrinogen and form a thick and sticky
meshwork
Prominent systemic manifestations of inflammation - ANS ✓-Acute Phase
Response
- Alteration in white blood cell count (increase WBC count)
- Fever
- Sepsis and septic shock
True or False: Permanent cells, once damaged, can easily be regenerated
and their auctions recovered. - ANS ✓FALSE
Acute Phase Response - ANS ✓A response of innate immunity that occurs soon
after the start of an infection and involves the synthesis of acute-phase proteins
by the liver and their secretion into the blood.
parachymal tissue - ANS ✓Tissues contain the functioning cells of an organ or
body part
stromal tissue - ANS ✓supportive, connective tissue of an organ, as
distinguished from its parenchyma
A. Labile Tissue
B. Stable Tissue
C. Permanent Tissue - ANS ✓A. Continue to divide and replicate throughout life,
replacing cells that are continually destroyed
NU606/ NU 606
