PSC 140- Exam 1 Study Guide Solutions
1.Prenatal Development: Epigenesis
- The emergence of new
structures and functions in the
course of development
2.Conception: Gametes (germ cells): reproductive cells
—egg and sperm
Meiosis: cell division that produces gametes
Egg and sperm contain 23 chromosomes (half the
genetic material of other cells in the body) - one from each of the 23 pai
of chromosomes
Conception: the union of an egg from the mother and a sperm from the
father; fertilization
Zygote: a fertilized egg cell
3.Identical Twins: Twins that result from the splitting in half of the
zygote (monozy- gotic)
Each of the two resulting zygotes have
exactly same set of genes
4.Fraternal Twins: Twins that result when two eggs happen to
release in Fertilized by two different sperm
Fraternal twins have only half their genes in common
5.Developmental Processes: Mitosis: cell division resulting in two
identical daugh- ter cells
Cell migration: newly formed cells move away from point of
origin Cell differentiation: cells start to specialize in
structure and function Apoptosis: genetically programmed
cell death
6.Example of apoptosis: Fetal hand plate
-death of the cells in between the ridges of the hand plate in order for th
fingers to separate.
7.Early Development Structures: Neural tube: a groove formed in the
top layer of
differentiated cells in the embryo that eventually becomes the brain
and spinal cord Amniotic sac: a transparent, fluid-filled membrane that
surrounds and protects the fetus
Placenta: a support organ for the fetus that permits the
exchange of materials carried in the bloodstreams of the fetus
and mother Umbilical cord: a tube containing the blood vessels
connecting the fetus and placenta
,8.Fetal Experience- Hearing: Responds to various sounds from at least 6
months
9.Fetal Experience- touch: Contact with parts of the body; grasping
umbilical cord, rubbing face, sucking thumb
10.Fetal Experience- taste: Can detect flavors in amniotic fluid
11.Fetal Experience- smell: Amniotic fluid takes on odor from what
mother eats; phylogenetic continuity of remembering after birth
12.Fetal Experience- sight: Minimal; fetal preferences
13.Fetal Learning - Habituation: A simple form of learning that
involves a decrease in response to repeated or continued stimulation;
seen at 30 weeks gestation in visual and auditory stimuli
14.Fetal Learning- Dishabituation: Introduction of a new
stimulus rekindles interest following habituation to a repeated stimulus
15.The Birth Experience: Birth of baby after 38 weeks of
conception Uterine muscles contract initiating birth
Baby typically in head-down position
Mother experiences pain
Baby experiences squeezing
16.Baby experiences squeezing, which:: Reduces overall size of fetus'
large head (plates of skull overlap
Stimulates hormone production that helps withstand mild
oxygen Forces amniotic fluid out of lungs
17.Teratogens definition: Potentially harmful environmental agent
18.Teratogen effect: Often more exposure, more
risk Dose-response relationship
Cumulative impact of risk factors
May not be evident immediately
(sleeper effects) - fetal programming
Can vary based on genetic susceptibility
19.Common Teratogens- drugs: Antidepressants
Opioids (Vicodin, Percocet, Oxycodone, Fentanyl,
heroin) Marijuana
Nicotine
Cigarette
smoking
Secondhand
smoke E-
cigarettes
20.Common Teratogens- environment: Toxic metals, synthetic hormones,
, plastic ingredients, pesticides, herbicides
Air and water pollution
Lead (dose-response relationship)
21.Maternal Factors- age: Infant mortality rate high for teen mothers 15
years or younger
Women in 30s or 40s have higher likelihood of infertility, developmental
disorders
1.Prenatal Development: Epigenesis
- The emergence of new
structures and functions in the
course of development
2.Conception: Gametes (germ cells): reproductive cells
—egg and sperm
Meiosis: cell division that produces gametes
Egg and sperm contain 23 chromosomes (half the
genetic material of other cells in the body) - one from each of the 23 pai
of chromosomes
Conception: the union of an egg from the mother and a sperm from the
father; fertilization
Zygote: a fertilized egg cell
3.Identical Twins: Twins that result from the splitting in half of the
zygote (monozy- gotic)
Each of the two resulting zygotes have
exactly same set of genes
4.Fraternal Twins: Twins that result when two eggs happen to
release in Fertilized by two different sperm
Fraternal twins have only half their genes in common
5.Developmental Processes: Mitosis: cell division resulting in two
identical daugh- ter cells
Cell migration: newly formed cells move away from point of
origin Cell differentiation: cells start to specialize in
structure and function Apoptosis: genetically programmed
cell death
6.Example of apoptosis: Fetal hand plate
-death of the cells in between the ridges of the hand plate in order for th
fingers to separate.
7.Early Development Structures: Neural tube: a groove formed in the
top layer of
differentiated cells in the embryo that eventually becomes the brain
and spinal cord Amniotic sac: a transparent, fluid-filled membrane that
surrounds and protects the fetus
Placenta: a support organ for the fetus that permits the
exchange of materials carried in the bloodstreams of the fetus
and mother Umbilical cord: a tube containing the blood vessels
connecting the fetus and placenta
,8.Fetal Experience- Hearing: Responds to various sounds from at least 6
months
9.Fetal Experience- touch: Contact with parts of the body; grasping
umbilical cord, rubbing face, sucking thumb
10.Fetal Experience- taste: Can detect flavors in amniotic fluid
11.Fetal Experience- smell: Amniotic fluid takes on odor from what
mother eats; phylogenetic continuity of remembering after birth
12.Fetal Experience- sight: Minimal; fetal preferences
13.Fetal Learning - Habituation: A simple form of learning that
involves a decrease in response to repeated or continued stimulation;
seen at 30 weeks gestation in visual and auditory stimuli
14.Fetal Learning- Dishabituation: Introduction of a new
stimulus rekindles interest following habituation to a repeated stimulus
15.The Birth Experience: Birth of baby after 38 weeks of
conception Uterine muscles contract initiating birth
Baby typically in head-down position
Mother experiences pain
Baby experiences squeezing
16.Baby experiences squeezing, which:: Reduces overall size of fetus'
large head (plates of skull overlap
Stimulates hormone production that helps withstand mild
oxygen Forces amniotic fluid out of lungs
17.Teratogens definition: Potentially harmful environmental agent
18.Teratogen effect: Often more exposure, more
risk Dose-response relationship
Cumulative impact of risk factors
May not be evident immediately
(sleeper effects) - fetal programming
Can vary based on genetic susceptibility
19.Common Teratogens- drugs: Antidepressants
Opioids (Vicodin, Percocet, Oxycodone, Fentanyl,
heroin) Marijuana
Nicotine
Cigarette
smoking
Secondhand
smoke E-
cigarettes
20.Common Teratogens- environment: Toxic metals, synthetic hormones,
, plastic ingredients, pesticides, herbicides
Air and water pollution
Lead (dose-response relationship)
21.Maternal Factors- age: Infant mortality rate high for teen mothers 15
years or younger
Women in 30s or 40s have higher likelihood of infertility, developmental
disorders
