NR507: Advanced Pathophysiology Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass

secreted can travel near or far to a specific cell chemical secretion - ANSWER -cells secrete chemicals into the bloodstream gap junction - ANSWER -A type of intercellular junction in animals that allows the passage of materials between cells. signal transduction - ANSWER -A series of molecular changes that converts a signal on a target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell. cellular metabolism - ANSWER -all of the chemical reactions that are part of maintaining cellular function Anabolism - ANSWER -Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy. catabolism - ANSWER -Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy. 2 | P a g e Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved. anaerobic metabolism - ANSWER -The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the principle product is lactic acid. aerobic metabolism - ANSWER -The cellular process in which oxygen is used to metabolize glucose. Energy is produced in an efficient manner with minimal waste products. leukotrines - ANSWER -mediator of degranulation that tend to cause prolonged contractions of certain smooth muscles and their action contributes to the spasms of the bronchial tubes that occur during asthma attacks Prostaglandins - ANSWER -Intensify histamine and kinin effect Hapten - ANSWER -small molecule that has to bind to a larger molecule to form an antigen tetrad of inflammation - ANSWER -redness swelling heat pain First line of immunity - ANSWER -intact skin and mucous membranes Second line of immunity - ANSWER -Inflammation 2 types of inflammation - ANSWER -acute - 2 wks chronic - 2 wks What are the 2 responses in acute inflammation? - ANSWER -constriction of large vessel walls and dilation of capillaries How do mast cells recruit other WBC? - ANSWER -release of chemotactic factors that signal other WBCs 3 | P a g e Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved. Leukotrienes - ANSWER -activate and attract neutrophils and eosinophils What chemical mediators are synthesized by mast cells? - ANSWER -leukotrienes and prostaglandins How do mast cells synthesize chemical mediators? - ANSWER -Oxidation of arachidonic acid prostiglandins - ANSWER -fatty acids involved in the control of inflammation and body temperature stimulate nerve endings = pain Antigen - ANSWER -large molecules that are foreign to the host PAMP - ANSWER -pathogen-associated molecular pattern- molecular pattern on surface of bacteria, viruses, and other microbes DAMP - ANSWER -damage-associated molecular pattern - proteins that are released from human cells when they are damaged PRR - ANSWER -Pattern Recognition Receptors. Receptors that recognize PAMPs or DAMPs Diapedesis - ANSWER -passage of blood cells (especially white blood cells) through intact capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue Chemotaxis - ANSWER -Cell movement that occurs in response to chemical stimulus in the direction of the Ag the primary phagocytic WBCs - ANSWER -neutrophils and monocytes How long after insult doe neutrophils arrive? - ANSWER -3-6 hours How long after insult doe monocytes arrive? - ANSWER -within 24 hours What are monocytes called when actively involved in the inflammatory response? - ANSWER - macrophages 4 | P a g e Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved. Steps of phagocytosis - ANSWER -opsonization and adherence - WBC attaches to pathogen engulfment - WBC surrounds and ingests Ag fusion of phagosome with lysosome destruction - the phagosome is digested by the lysosome egestion - expelled from macrophage and cleaned by eosinophils What is released by the WBC during phagocytic digestion? - ANSWER -interleukin-1 immmunogen - ANSWER -large molecules that are foreign to the host that are recognized and bind to receptors on immune system components, resulting in activatio