Language & communication
summary
Table of Contents
Introduction............................................................................................................................6
Language and Communication................................................................................................7
What is language?........................................................................................................................7
Human language:.........................................................................................................................7
Non-human primate communication (Tomasello, 2008)...........................................................10
Human communication (Tomasello, 2008)................................................................................10
Linear model of communication................................................................................................11
Interaction model of communication........................................................................................11
Transactional model of communication....................................................................................11
Levels of communication...........................................................................................................11
Phonetics and phonology......................................................................................................13
Writing sounds...........................................................................................................................13
How do humans produce speech sounds..................................................................................14
Voicing........................................................................................................................................15
Manners of articulation.............................................................................................................15
Place of articulation...................................................................................................................16
English consonants.....................................................................................................................17
Vowels........................................................................................................................................18
English vowel space tongue position........................................................................................18
Speech stream............................................................................................................................18
Phonemes and allophones.........................................................................................................19
Morphemes and allomorphs.....................................................................................................19
Types of alternations:.................................................................................................................19
...................................................................................................................................................19
Suprasegmentals........................................................................................................................20
Tone & Intonation......................................................................................................................20
Syllable structure.......................................................................................................................20
Stress..........................................................................................................................................21
,Morphology..........................................................................................................................21
Bound vs. Free morphemes.......................................................................................................22
Lexical vs. Grammatical morphemes.........................................................................................22
Allomorphy.................................................................................................................................22
Morphological operations..........................................................................................................23
Root - stem - base......................................................................................................................23
Reduplication.............................................................................................................................23
Ablaut & suppletion...................................................................................................................24
Tone & Stress.............................................................................................................................24
Derivational morphology...........................................................................................................24
Inflectional morphology.............................................................................................................24
Different types of languages......................................................................................................26
Syntax...................................................................................................................................27
Descriptive vs. prescriptive sytax / grammar.............................................................................27
Syntactic category......................................................................................................................28
Syntactic roles............................................................................................................................29
Thematic roles............................................................................................................................29
Constituency..............................................................................................................................30
Simple phrase structure rules....................................................................................................31
Prepositional phrase (PP)...........................................................................................................31
Syntactic trees............................................................................................................................31
Poverty of the stimulus (Noam Chomsky).................................................................................32
Recursive processes: Adjunction................................................................................................33
Recursive processes: Embedding...............................................................................................33
Recursive processes: Coordination............................................................................................33
Recursive processes: Coordination vs. Subordination...............................................................33
Recursive processes: Relative clauses (RC)................................................................................34
Semantics..............................................................................................................................35
Semantic meaning vs. Speaker’s meaning.................................................................................35
Meaning in different languages.................................................................................................36
False friends...............................................................................................................................36
Synonyms & Antonyms..............................................................................................................36
Hyponyms & Hypernyms...........................................................................................................36
, Entailment..................................................................................................................................36
Ambiguity...................................................................................................................................36
Tautology & Contradiction.........................................................................................................37
Principle of Compositionality.....................................................................................................37
Idioms Exceptions to the principal of compositionality............................................................37
Lexical semantics........................................................................................................................37
The meaning of simple sentences: Predicates...........................................................................38
The meaning of simple sentences: Arguments..........................................................................38
The meaning of simple sentences: Thematic roles....................................................................39
Problems with thematic roles:...................................................................................................39
Modifiers....................................................................................................................................39
Modality.....................................................................................................................................40
Tense & Aspect...........................................................................................................................40
Change over time.......................................................................................................................41
Pragmatics............................................................................................................................41
Indexicals and Deixis..................................................................................................................41
Anaphora....................................................................................................................................42
Presupposition...........................................................................................................................42
Triggers.......................................................................................................................................43
Presupposition vs. Entailment...................................................................................................43
Paul Grice – Theory of conversational implicature....................................................................44
Speech Acts (John Austin)..........................................................................................................46
Speech Acts: Classification (by John Searle)..............................................................................46
Pragmatics and humour.............................................................................................................46
Discourse...............................................................................................................................47
Transcribing spoken discourse...................................................................................................47
Fragmentation vs. Integration....................................................................................................47
Spoken vs. Written discourse.....................................................................................................47
Recipient design.........................................................................................................................49
Different approaches to discourse.............................................................................................49
Differences between formal (structural) and functional approach...........................................49
Analysing discourse....................................................................................................................51
Units of Analysis in Spoken Discourse........................................................................................51
, What do we do in discourse?.....................................................................................................54
Organising Spoken Discourse.....................................................................................................55
Functions of language in discourse (Jakobson, 1960)................................................................57
Planes or levels of discourse - Sentences vs. utterances...........................................................58
Language and Culture...........................................................................................................59
Hofstede’s (1983) four dimensions of culture...........................................................................59
Trompenaars’ (1993) seven dimensions of culture...................................................................59
How does culture influence language?......................................................................................60
The concept of Face...................................................................................................................61
Lakoff’s Rules of Rapport...........................................................................................................61
High-involvement and high-considerateness styles..................................................................62
Linguistic relativity.....................................................................................................................63
Gesture.................................................................................................................................64
Verbal and non-verbal communication.....................................................................................64
Non-verbal communication.......................................................................................................65
What is a gesture?.....................................................................................................................65
Classifying gestures....................................................................................................................66
Silent gesture strategies.............................................................................................................67
Relation between gesture and language...................................................................................67
Language acquisition.............................................................................................................67
Methods in (child) language acquisition research.....................................................................67
Stages of first language acquisition...........................................................................................68
Development of verb morphology and negation......................................................................69
Nature vs. nurture perspective..................................................................................................70
Other theories of first language acquisition..............................................................................71
Conventions...............................................................................................................................72
A critical period for the language acquisition process?.............................................................72
Second language acquisition.................................................................................................72
Theories of L2 acquisition..........................................................................................................73
L2 research – data collection methods......................................................................................74
Factors influencing L2 acquisition..............................................................................................75
L2 acquisition process (SLA process)..........................................................................................76
summary
Table of Contents
Introduction............................................................................................................................6
Language and Communication................................................................................................7
What is language?........................................................................................................................7
Human language:.........................................................................................................................7
Non-human primate communication (Tomasello, 2008)...........................................................10
Human communication (Tomasello, 2008)................................................................................10
Linear model of communication................................................................................................11
Interaction model of communication........................................................................................11
Transactional model of communication....................................................................................11
Levels of communication...........................................................................................................11
Phonetics and phonology......................................................................................................13
Writing sounds...........................................................................................................................13
How do humans produce speech sounds..................................................................................14
Voicing........................................................................................................................................15
Manners of articulation.............................................................................................................15
Place of articulation...................................................................................................................16
English consonants.....................................................................................................................17
Vowels........................................................................................................................................18
English vowel space tongue position........................................................................................18
Speech stream............................................................................................................................18
Phonemes and allophones.........................................................................................................19
Morphemes and allomorphs.....................................................................................................19
Types of alternations:.................................................................................................................19
...................................................................................................................................................19
Suprasegmentals........................................................................................................................20
Tone & Intonation......................................................................................................................20
Syllable structure.......................................................................................................................20
Stress..........................................................................................................................................21
,Morphology..........................................................................................................................21
Bound vs. Free morphemes.......................................................................................................22
Lexical vs. Grammatical morphemes.........................................................................................22
Allomorphy.................................................................................................................................22
Morphological operations..........................................................................................................23
Root - stem - base......................................................................................................................23
Reduplication.............................................................................................................................23
Ablaut & suppletion...................................................................................................................24
Tone & Stress.............................................................................................................................24
Derivational morphology...........................................................................................................24
Inflectional morphology.............................................................................................................24
Different types of languages......................................................................................................26
Syntax...................................................................................................................................27
Descriptive vs. prescriptive sytax / grammar.............................................................................27
Syntactic category......................................................................................................................28
Syntactic roles............................................................................................................................29
Thematic roles............................................................................................................................29
Constituency..............................................................................................................................30
Simple phrase structure rules....................................................................................................31
Prepositional phrase (PP)...........................................................................................................31
Syntactic trees............................................................................................................................31
Poverty of the stimulus (Noam Chomsky).................................................................................32
Recursive processes: Adjunction................................................................................................33
Recursive processes: Embedding...............................................................................................33
Recursive processes: Coordination............................................................................................33
Recursive processes: Coordination vs. Subordination...............................................................33
Recursive processes: Relative clauses (RC)................................................................................34
Semantics..............................................................................................................................35
Semantic meaning vs. Speaker’s meaning.................................................................................35
Meaning in different languages.................................................................................................36
False friends...............................................................................................................................36
Synonyms & Antonyms..............................................................................................................36
Hyponyms & Hypernyms...........................................................................................................36
, Entailment..................................................................................................................................36
Ambiguity...................................................................................................................................36
Tautology & Contradiction.........................................................................................................37
Principle of Compositionality.....................................................................................................37
Idioms Exceptions to the principal of compositionality............................................................37
Lexical semantics........................................................................................................................37
The meaning of simple sentences: Predicates...........................................................................38
The meaning of simple sentences: Arguments..........................................................................38
The meaning of simple sentences: Thematic roles....................................................................39
Problems with thematic roles:...................................................................................................39
Modifiers....................................................................................................................................39
Modality.....................................................................................................................................40
Tense & Aspect...........................................................................................................................40
Change over time.......................................................................................................................41
Pragmatics............................................................................................................................41
Indexicals and Deixis..................................................................................................................41
Anaphora....................................................................................................................................42
Presupposition...........................................................................................................................42
Triggers.......................................................................................................................................43
Presupposition vs. Entailment...................................................................................................43
Paul Grice – Theory of conversational implicature....................................................................44
Speech Acts (John Austin)..........................................................................................................46
Speech Acts: Classification (by John Searle)..............................................................................46
Pragmatics and humour.............................................................................................................46
Discourse...............................................................................................................................47
Transcribing spoken discourse...................................................................................................47
Fragmentation vs. Integration....................................................................................................47
Spoken vs. Written discourse.....................................................................................................47
Recipient design.........................................................................................................................49
Different approaches to discourse.............................................................................................49
Differences between formal (structural) and functional approach...........................................49
Analysing discourse....................................................................................................................51
Units of Analysis in Spoken Discourse........................................................................................51
, What do we do in discourse?.....................................................................................................54
Organising Spoken Discourse.....................................................................................................55
Functions of language in discourse (Jakobson, 1960)................................................................57
Planes or levels of discourse - Sentences vs. utterances...........................................................58
Language and Culture...........................................................................................................59
Hofstede’s (1983) four dimensions of culture...........................................................................59
Trompenaars’ (1993) seven dimensions of culture...................................................................59
How does culture influence language?......................................................................................60
The concept of Face...................................................................................................................61
Lakoff’s Rules of Rapport...........................................................................................................61
High-involvement and high-considerateness styles..................................................................62
Linguistic relativity.....................................................................................................................63
Gesture.................................................................................................................................64
Verbal and non-verbal communication.....................................................................................64
Non-verbal communication.......................................................................................................65
What is a gesture?.....................................................................................................................65
Classifying gestures....................................................................................................................66
Silent gesture strategies.............................................................................................................67
Relation between gesture and language...................................................................................67
Language acquisition.............................................................................................................67
Methods in (child) language acquisition research.....................................................................67
Stages of first language acquisition...........................................................................................68
Development of verb morphology and negation......................................................................69
Nature vs. nurture perspective..................................................................................................70
Other theories of first language acquisition..............................................................................71
Conventions...............................................................................................................................72
A critical period for the language acquisition process?.............................................................72
Second language acquisition.................................................................................................72
Theories of L2 acquisition..........................................................................................................73
L2 research – data collection methods......................................................................................74
Factors influencing L2 acquisition..............................................................................................75
L2 acquisition process (SLA process)..........................................................................................76
