SOMA EXAM LATEST VERSION 2024-2025 ACTUAL
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS
Where do you think most of the nutrients are - ✔✔the ocean's deeper waters tend to
be enriched in nutrients compared to its surface waters. A phenomenon called
upwelling brings nutrients from the ocean depths to the sunlit surface waters where
they can be used by plants. In some areas of the world's oceans (like the Sargasso Sea)
nutrients are not replenished continually, and plants can sometimes use them up
completely. These regions thus become nutrient-poor "ocean deserts" during certain
seasons of the year.
4 major environments within photic zone - ✔✔-Oceanic (open sea, beyond
continental shelf)
-Neritic (over continental shelf)
-Intertidal (more dynamic)
-Subtidal (more uniform)
Fouling Algae - ✔✔Biofouling or biological fouling is the accumulation of
microorganisms, plants, algae, or animals on wetted surfaces.
Mangrove Associated Algae - ✔✔Micro-algae are important in mangrove ecosystems.
They are epiphytic and grow on the aerial roots of the trees and on the sediments. The
algae are green ( Chlorophyta), brown (Phaeophyceae), red (Rhodophyta) and blue-
green (Cyanophyta). The dens biomass on the aerial roots causes the water to remain
on the pneumatophores. The lenticels are no longer functional and oxygen can not
penetrate into the roots. For this reason, the bark regularly falls off the root. This
process is called decertification. Vertical zonation along a single pneumatophore occurs,
but there is also a zonation from the upper limit of the mangroves to the lower limit.
, Endophytic Algae - ✔✔microscopic in size and found living inside macroscopic
seaweeds.
Endolithic Algae - ✔✔grows in organism (inside the Skelton of coral)
Epizoic Algae - ✔✔grows on surface of animal
Primary Production - ✔✔-biochemical pathways that reduce (receive electrons)
inorganic carbon to organic carbon
autotrophs - ✔✔organisms that are capable of making their own food
-photosynthetic autotrophs are known as photoautotrophs
-they use energy from the junto catalyze a redox reaction
Light mediated primary producers - ✔✔-oxygenic photosynthesis is based on 2,
separate reaction centers
-in the chloroplast of eukaryotes
- or the cell of prokaryotes
Evolutionary origins
-Photosystem II
-purple-bacteria: a group of anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria
-Photosystem I
-green sulfur bacteria
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS
Where do you think most of the nutrients are - ✔✔the ocean's deeper waters tend to
be enriched in nutrients compared to its surface waters. A phenomenon called
upwelling brings nutrients from the ocean depths to the sunlit surface waters where
they can be used by plants. In some areas of the world's oceans (like the Sargasso Sea)
nutrients are not replenished continually, and plants can sometimes use them up
completely. These regions thus become nutrient-poor "ocean deserts" during certain
seasons of the year.
4 major environments within photic zone - ✔✔-Oceanic (open sea, beyond
continental shelf)
-Neritic (over continental shelf)
-Intertidal (more dynamic)
-Subtidal (more uniform)
Fouling Algae - ✔✔Biofouling or biological fouling is the accumulation of
microorganisms, plants, algae, or animals on wetted surfaces.
Mangrove Associated Algae - ✔✔Micro-algae are important in mangrove ecosystems.
They are epiphytic and grow on the aerial roots of the trees and on the sediments. The
algae are green ( Chlorophyta), brown (Phaeophyceae), red (Rhodophyta) and blue-
green (Cyanophyta). The dens biomass on the aerial roots causes the water to remain
on the pneumatophores. The lenticels are no longer functional and oxygen can not
penetrate into the roots. For this reason, the bark regularly falls off the root. This
process is called decertification. Vertical zonation along a single pneumatophore occurs,
but there is also a zonation from the upper limit of the mangroves to the lower limit.
, Endophytic Algae - ✔✔microscopic in size and found living inside macroscopic
seaweeds.
Endolithic Algae - ✔✔grows in organism (inside the Skelton of coral)
Epizoic Algae - ✔✔grows on surface of animal
Primary Production - ✔✔-biochemical pathways that reduce (receive electrons)
inorganic carbon to organic carbon
autotrophs - ✔✔organisms that are capable of making their own food
-photosynthetic autotrophs are known as photoautotrophs
-they use energy from the junto catalyze a redox reaction
Light mediated primary producers - ✔✔-oxygenic photosynthesis is based on 2,
separate reaction centers
-in the chloroplast of eukaryotes
- or the cell of prokaryotes
Evolutionary origins
-Photosystem II
-purple-bacteria: a group of anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria
-Photosystem I
-green sulfur bacteria
