Samenvatting
Biologische grondslagen: Cognitie
The Student's Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience 4th edition – Jamie Ward
2024
Sabine Koning
,DEEL I: HET BREIN ....................................................................................................................................... 4
1. Het brein ontleed .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Voorkennis activeren .................................................................................................................................... 4
Hoofdstuk 2: Introducing the brain .................................................................................................................. 7
2.1 Structuur en functie van het neuron ...................................................................................................... 7
2.2 De grove structuur van het brein ............................................................................................................ 7
2.3 De cerebrale cortex ............................................................................................................................... 10
2.4 De subcortex ......................................................................................................................................... 10
2.5 De midden- en kleine hersenen............................................................................................................ 11
2. Het brein in ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................................ 12
Hoofdstuk 6: The developing brain................................................................................................................. 12
6.1 Structurele ontwikkeling van het brein ................................................................................................ 12
6.2 Functionele ontwikkeling van het brein ............................................................................................... 13
6.3 Nature en Nurture m.b.t. individuele verschillen ................................................................................. 13
Kolb B. & Wishaw I. – Fundamentals of human neuropsychology ................................................................. 16
23.2 Ontwikkeling van het menselijk brein ................................................................................................ 16
23.3 Ontwikkeling van het brein in beeld ....................................................................................................... 17
23.5 Omgevingsinvloeden op de ontwikkeling van het brein .................................................................... 17
3: Het brein in beeld............................................................................................................................................ 19
Hoofdstuk 3: The electrophysiological brain .................................................................................................. 19
3.1 Neurale representaties: single-cell recordings ..................................................................................... 19
3.2 Elektro-encefalogram (EEG) en gebeurtenis-gerelateerde potentialen (ERPs) .................................... 19
3.3 Mentale chronometrie in elektro-fysiologische en cognitieve psychologie ......................................... 21
3.4 Magneto-encefalografie (MEG) ............................................................................................................ 21
Hoofdstuk 4: The imaged brain ...................................................................................................................... 22
4.1 Structurele beeldvorming ..................................................................................................................... 22
4.2 Functionele beeldvorming .................................................................................................................... 22
Deel II: Cognitieve functies ........................................................................................................................ 24
4. Horen .............................................................................................................................................................. 24
Hoofdstuk 8: The hearing brain ...................................................................................................................... 24
8.1 De herkomst van geluid ........................................................................................................................ 24
8.2 Van oor naar brein ................................................................................................................................ 24
8.3 Basis verwerking van auditieve informatie ........................................................................................... 25
8.4 Muzikale perceptie ............................................................................................................................... 26
8.5 Stem perceptie ...................................................................................................................................... 28
8.6 Spraak perceptie ................................................................................................................................... 28
5. Aandacht ......................................................................................................................................................... 30
Hoofdstuk 9: The attending brain ................................................................................................................... 30
9.1 Spatiële en niet-spatiële aandachtsprocessen ..................................................................................... 30
9.2 De rol van het frontaal-pariëtale netwerk bij aandacht ....................................................................... 30
9.3 Aandachtstheorieën ............................................................................................................................. 32
Feature integration theory ..................................................................................................................... 32
Biased competition theory ..................................................................................................................... 33
Premotor theory of attention ................................................................................................................. 33
9.4 Neglect als kwaal van spatiële aandacht en bewustzijn ....................................................................... 33
6. Actie ................................................................................................................................................................ 35
Hoofdstuk 10: The acting brain....................................................................................................................... 35
10.1 Een algemeen cognitief raamwerk voor beweging en handelen ....................................................... 35
10.2 De rol van de frontaalkwabben bij beweging en handelen ................................................................ 36
Primaire motorische cortext ................................................................................................................... 36
Frontal eye fields..................................................................................................................................... 36
Lateral & medial premotor cortex .......................................................................................................... 36
Prefrontale bijdragen .............................................................................................................................. 37
2
, 10.3 Eigenaarschap en bewust handelen ................................................................................................... 37
10.4 Handelingsbegrip en imitatie.............................................................................................................. 37
10.5 Handelen naar objecten ..................................................................................................................... 38
10.6 Fronto-striatal en cerebellar netwerken bij handelen ........................................................................ 39
Hypokinetische stoornissen aan de basale ganglia ................................................................................ 39
Hyperkinetische stoornissen aan de basale ganglia ............................................................................... 39
7. Geheugen ........................................................................................................................................................ 41
Hoofdstuk 11: The remembering brain .......................................................................................................... 41
11.1 Korte termijn en werkgeheugen ......................................................................................................... 41
Fonologische korte termijngeheugen ..................................................................................................... 41
Visuospatieel korte termijngeheugen..................................................................................................... 41
11.2 Verschillende soorten lange termijngeheugen ................................................................................... 42
11.3 Geheugenverlies ................................................................................................................................. 42
Geheugenverlies binnen episodisch geheugen ...................................................................................... 43
Geheugenverlies in korte termijn geheugen .......................................................................................... 43
Geheugenverlies in procedureel en perceptueel (impliciet) geheugen ................................................. 43
Geheugenverlies in semantisch geheugen ............................................................................................. 43
11.4 Functies van de hippocampus en mediale temporaalkwabben bij geheugen ................................... 44
Consolidatie theorie ............................................................................................................................... 44
Multiple trace theory/trace transformation theory ............................................................................... 45
Cognitieve plattegrond theorie............................................................................................................... 45
11.5 Theorieën over herinneren, weten en vergeten ................................................................................ 45
11.6 De rol van de prefrontale cortex bij lange termijngeheugen ............................................................. 47
8. Executieve functies.......................................................................................................................................... 48
Hoofdstuk 15: The executive brain ................................................................................................................. 48
15.1 Anatomische en functionele divisies van de prefrontale cortex ........................................................ 48
15.2 Executieve functies in de praktijk ....................................................................................................... 49
15.3 De organisatie van executieve functies .............................................................................................. 50
“Hot” vs “Cold” controle processen ....................................................................................................... 50
Multiple demand network ...................................................................................................................... 50
Achter-naar-voor hiërarchie?.................................................................................................................. 51
Verschillen tussen beide hemisferen ...................................................................................................... 52
15.4 De rol van de anterior cingulate in executieve functies ..................................................................... 52
9. Emoties ........................................................................................................................................................... 54
Hoofdstuk 16: The social and emotional brain ............................................................................................... 54
16.1 Emotietheorieën ................................................................................................................................. 54
16.2 Neuraal mechanisme voor emotieverwerking ................................................................................... 55
Amygdala ................................................................................................................................................ 55
Insula....................................................................................................................................................... 55
Orbitofrontal cortex ................................................................................................................................ 55
Anterior cingulate ................................................................................................................................... 56
Ventral striatum ...................................................................................................................................... 56
16.3 Gezichten lezen ................................................................................................................................... 56
16.4 Andere geesten begrijpen .................................................................................................................. 57
Empathie ................................................................................................................................................. 57
Autisme ................................................................................................................................................... 57
Neurale basis theory of mind ................................................................................................................. 58
Frith & Frith - How we predict what other people are going to do................................................................ 59
Kennis van andere mensen ......................................................................................................................... 59
Kennis van handelingen, intenties, gevoelens en overtuigingen ............................................................... 59
Bottom-up en top-down processen van sociale cognitie ........................................................................... 59
3
, DEEL I: HET BREIN
1. Het brein ontleed
Voorkennis activeren
Zenuwstelsel
Centraal Perifeer
zenuwstelsel zenuwstelsel
Somatisch Autonoom
Hersenen
zenuwstelsel zenuwstelsel
Sympatisch
Ruggenmerg
zenuwstelsel
Parasympatisch
zenuwstelsel
Somatisch zenuwstelsel: controleert interacties lichaam naar de buitenwereld, bijv. activatie skeletspieren
(bewegingen) → bewuste controle
Autonoom zenuwstelsel: onbewuste controle, reguleert inwendige lichaam.
Sympathisch zenuwstelsel: reguleert actie (verwijden pupillen, verhogen bloedsomloop etc.)
Parasympatisch zenuwstelsel: reguleert rust
4
Biologische grondslagen: Cognitie
The Student's Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience 4th edition – Jamie Ward
2024
Sabine Koning
,DEEL I: HET BREIN ....................................................................................................................................... 4
1. Het brein ontleed .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Voorkennis activeren .................................................................................................................................... 4
Hoofdstuk 2: Introducing the brain .................................................................................................................. 7
2.1 Structuur en functie van het neuron ...................................................................................................... 7
2.2 De grove structuur van het brein ............................................................................................................ 7
2.3 De cerebrale cortex ............................................................................................................................... 10
2.4 De subcortex ......................................................................................................................................... 10
2.5 De midden- en kleine hersenen............................................................................................................ 11
2. Het brein in ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................................ 12
Hoofdstuk 6: The developing brain................................................................................................................. 12
6.1 Structurele ontwikkeling van het brein ................................................................................................ 12
6.2 Functionele ontwikkeling van het brein ............................................................................................... 13
6.3 Nature en Nurture m.b.t. individuele verschillen ................................................................................. 13
Kolb B. & Wishaw I. – Fundamentals of human neuropsychology ................................................................. 16
23.2 Ontwikkeling van het menselijk brein ................................................................................................ 16
23.3 Ontwikkeling van het brein in beeld ....................................................................................................... 17
23.5 Omgevingsinvloeden op de ontwikkeling van het brein .................................................................... 17
3: Het brein in beeld............................................................................................................................................ 19
Hoofdstuk 3: The electrophysiological brain .................................................................................................. 19
3.1 Neurale representaties: single-cell recordings ..................................................................................... 19
3.2 Elektro-encefalogram (EEG) en gebeurtenis-gerelateerde potentialen (ERPs) .................................... 19
3.3 Mentale chronometrie in elektro-fysiologische en cognitieve psychologie ......................................... 21
3.4 Magneto-encefalografie (MEG) ............................................................................................................ 21
Hoofdstuk 4: The imaged brain ...................................................................................................................... 22
4.1 Structurele beeldvorming ..................................................................................................................... 22
4.2 Functionele beeldvorming .................................................................................................................... 22
Deel II: Cognitieve functies ........................................................................................................................ 24
4. Horen .............................................................................................................................................................. 24
Hoofdstuk 8: The hearing brain ...................................................................................................................... 24
8.1 De herkomst van geluid ........................................................................................................................ 24
8.2 Van oor naar brein ................................................................................................................................ 24
8.3 Basis verwerking van auditieve informatie ........................................................................................... 25
8.4 Muzikale perceptie ............................................................................................................................... 26
8.5 Stem perceptie ...................................................................................................................................... 28
8.6 Spraak perceptie ................................................................................................................................... 28
5. Aandacht ......................................................................................................................................................... 30
Hoofdstuk 9: The attending brain ................................................................................................................... 30
9.1 Spatiële en niet-spatiële aandachtsprocessen ..................................................................................... 30
9.2 De rol van het frontaal-pariëtale netwerk bij aandacht ....................................................................... 30
9.3 Aandachtstheorieën ............................................................................................................................. 32
Feature integration theory ..................................................................................................................... 32
Biased competition theory ..................................................................................................................... 33
Premotor theory of attention ................................................................................................................. 33
9.4 Neglect als kwaal van spatiële aandacht en bewustzijn ....................................................................... 33
6. Actie ................................................................................................................................................................ 35
Hoofdstuk 10: The acting brain....................................................................................................................... 35
10.1 Een algemeen cognitief raamwerk voor beweging en handelen ....................................................... 35
10.2 De rol van de frontaalkwabben bij beweging en handelen ................................................................ 36
Primaire motorische cortext ................................................................................................................... 36
Frontal eye fields..................................................................................................................................... 36
Lateral & medial premotor cortex .......................................................................................................... 36
Prefrontale bijdragen .............................................................................................................................. 37
2
, 10.3 Eigenaarschap en bewust handelen ................................................................................................... 37
10.4 Handelingsbegrip en imitatie.............................................................................................................. 37
10.5 Handelen naar objecten ..................................................................................................................... 38
10.6 Fronto-striatal en cerebellar netwerken bij handelen ........................................................................ 39
Hypokinetische stoornissen aan de basale ganglia ................................................................................ 39
Hyperkinetische stoornissen aan de basale ganglia ............................................................................... 39
7. Geheugen ........................................................................................................................................................ 41
Hoofdstuk 11: The remembering brain .......................................................................................................... 41
11.1 Korte termijn en werkgeheugen ......................................................................................................... 41
Fonologische korte termijngeheugen ..................................................................................................... 41
Visuospatieel korte termijngeheugen..................................................................................................... 41
11.2 Verschillende soorten lange termijngeheugen ................................................................................... 42
11.3 Geheugenverlies ................................................................................................................................. 42
Geheugenverlies binnen episodisch geheugen ...................................................................................... 43
Geheugenverlies in korte termijn geheugen .......................................................................................... 43
Geheugenverlies in procedureel en perceptueel (impliciet) geheugen ................................................. 43
Geheugenverlies in semantisch geheugen ............................................................................................. 43
11.4 Functies van de hippocampus en mediale temporaalkwabben bij geheugen ................................... 44
Consolidatie theorie ............................................................................................................................... 44
Multiple trace theory/trace transformation theory ............................................................................... 45
Cognitieve plattegrond theorie............................................................................................................... 45
11.5 Theorieën over herinneren, weten en vergeten ................................................................................ 45
11.6 De rol van de prefrontale cortex bij lange termijngeheugen ............................................................. 47
8. Executieve functies.......................................................................................................................................... 48
Hoofdstuk 15: The executive brain ................................................................................................................. 48
15.1 Anatomische en functionele divisies van de prefrontale cortex ........................................................ 48
15.2 Executieve functies in de praktijk ....................................................................................................... 49
15.3 De organisatie van executieve functies .............................................................................................. 50
“Hot” vs “Cold” controle processen ....................................................................................................... 50
Multiple demand network ...................................................................................................................... 50
Achter-naar-voor hiërarchie?.................................................................................................................. 51
Verschillen tussen beide hemisferen ...................................................................................................... 52
15.4 De rol van de anterior cingulate in executieve functies ..................................................................... 52
9. Emoties ........................................................................................................................................................... 54
Hoofdstuk 16: The social and emotional brain ............................................................................................... 54
16.1 Emotietheorieën ................................................................................................................................. 54
16.2 Neuraal mechanisme voor emotieverwerking ................................................................................... 55
Amygdala ................................................................................................................................................ 55
Insula....................................................................................................................................................... 55
Orbitofrontal cortex ................................................................................................................................ 55
Anterior cingulate ................................................................................................................................... 56
Ventral striatum ...................................................................................................................................... 56
16.3 Gezichten lezen ................................................................................................................................... 56
16.4 Andere geesten begrijpen .................................................................................................................. 57
Empathie ................................................................................................................................................. 57
Autisme ................................................................................................................................................... 57
Neurale basis theory of mind ................................................................................................................. 58
Frith & Frith - How we predict what other people are going to do................................................................ 59
Kennis van andere mensen ......................................................................................................................... 59
Kennis van handelingen, intenties, gevoelens en overtuigingen ............................................................... 59
Bottom-up en top-down processen van sociale cognitie ........................................................................... 59
3
, DEEL I: HET BREIN
1. Het brein ontleed
Voorkennis activeren
Zenuwstelsel
Centraal Perifeer
zenuwstelsel zenuwstelsel
Somatisch Autonoom
Hersenen
zenuwstelsel zenuwstelsel
Sympatisch
Ruggenmerg
zenuwstelsel
Parasympatisch
zenuwstelsel
Somatisch zenuwstelsel: controleert interacties lichaam naar de buitenwereld, bijv. activatie skeletspieren
(bewegingen) → bewuste controle
Autonoom zenuwstelsel: onbewuste controle, reguleert inwendige lichaam.
Sympathisch zenuwstelsel: reguleert actie (verwijden pupillen, verhogen bloedsomloop etc.)
Parasympatisch zenuwstelsel: reguleert rust
4
