NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide
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1. What is pathophysiology?: The study of homeostasis. What the body has to do
to be at normal operating range. Etiology of disease. What is normal and abnormal.
2. General Adaptation Syndrome: A cluster of systemic manifestations that repre-
sent an attempt to cope with a stressor
3. Describe the Alarm phase: Generalized stimulation of the sympathetic nervous
system, releases catacholamines and cortisol AKA fight or flight.
Dump of adrenaline or epinephrine rush in the body.
Breathing is faster.
4. Describe the resistance stage of GAS: During this stage the body selects the
most effective and economic channels of defense. During this stage the cortisol
levels that were present in the alarm stage drop because they are no longer needed.
Trying to get away from the stress.
5. Describe the exhaustion stage of GAS: Initiated if the stressor is prolonged or
overwhelms the body. When you are exhausted and done.
6. What is a sign?: something that you can physically see
7. What is a symptom?: Something that is felt by a person
8. What is edema?: Swelling/inflammation.
excess fluid in the interstitial spaces
9. Dehydration: (ECF volume deficit)
Inadequate fluid intake
occurs when total body fluid levels are insufficient to meet body's needs. Lack of
volume in the body
10. Hypertonic Hydration (fluid overload): Excess fluid, lungs-difficult to breathe,
bounding pulse. Edema is an example
11. What is the main electrolyte in the extracellular fluid?: Sodium (NaCl) Chlo-
ride
12. The main electrolyte inside of the cell?: Potassium
13. Main electrolyte in the interstitial space: Magnesium
14. Sodium normal range: 135-145 meq/L
15. High sodium ( > 145 mEq/L):: hypernatremia
16. Symptoms of hypernatremia include: dehydration and any accompanying
ECF volume deficit (postural hypotension, weakness, and tachycardia).
17. <135 meq/L (Low sodium): Hyponatremia
18. Hyponatremia symptoms: Causes brain swelling, weakness, and confusion
19. Normal Chloride levels: 98-108meq/L
20. >108 Meq/L High Chloride levels: Hyperchloremia
21. <98 meq/L Low Chloride levels: Hypochloremia
22. 3.5 - 5 mEq/liter: normal potassium levels
23. High potassium >5 meq/L: Hyperkalemia
1/5
, NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_eonmnq
24. <3.5 meq/L Low potassium: Hypokalemia
25. 4-5 meq/L: normal calcium levels
26. >5 meq/L High calcium: Hypercalcemia
*muscles can spasm & tense up
27. <4 meq/L Low calcium: Hypocalcemia
*muscles are not as strong
28. Normal magnesium Levels: 1.8-2.5 meq/L
29. How is fluid excreted from the body?: Insensible loss, peeing, sweating
30. Someone who has diarrhea and is throwing up a lot is displaying?: Dehy-
dration
Electrolyte imblance
31. What is interstitial fluid?: Fluid in between the cells
32. Where is DNA stored in the cell: Nucleus
33. What collects the DNA?: Ribosomes
34. Ribosomes make up the _____: Endoplasmic reticulum
35. How does fluid get into and out of the cell?: Osmosis
36. what is osmosis?: When fluid goes from a high concentration to a low concen-
tration
37. Difference between plant and animal cell?: Animal cells do not have a cell
wall, plants DO have a cell wall
38. What are the 5 signs of inflammation?: Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function
Heat
39. What causes redness and heat in inflammation?: Increased blood flow
40. Type 1 hypersensitivity: Anaphylaxis & allergies
41. examples of type 1 sensitivity: shellfish allergy,
bee sting allergy
42. What is anaphylaxis?: swelling of the airways from an allergic reaction
43. Type 2 hypersensitivity: Cytotoxic
Transfusion Reactions
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
44. Type 3 hypersensitivity: Immune Complex
Rheumatoid arthritis,
Lupus, MS
45. Type 4 hypersensitivity: Delayed cell mediated
contact dermatitis
2/5
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_eonmnq
1. What is pathophysiology?: The study of homeostasis. What the body has to do
to be at normal operating range. Etiology of disease. What is normal and abnormal.
2. General Adaptation Syndrome: A cluster of systemic manifestations that repre-
sent an attempt to cope with a stressor
3. Describe the Alarm phase: Generalized stimulation of the sympathetic nervous
system, releases catacholamines and cortisol AKA fight or flight.
Dump of adrenaline or epinephrine rush in the body.
Breathing is faster.
4. Describe the resistance stage of GAS: During this stage the body selects the
most effective and economic channels of defense. During this stage the cortisol
levels that were present in the alarm stage drop because they are no longer needed.
Trying to get away from the stress.
5. Describe the exhaustion stage of GAS: Initiated if the stressor is prolonged or
overwhelms the body. When you are exhausted and done.
6. What is a sign?: something that you can physically see
7. What is a symptom?: Something that is felt by a person
8. What is edema?: Swelling/inflammation.
excess fluid in the interstitial spaces
9. Dehydration: (ECF volume deficit)
Inadequate fluid intake
occurs when total body fluid levels are insufficient to meet body's needs. Lack of
volume in the body
10. Hypertonic Hydration (fluid overload): Excess fluid, lungs-difficult to breathe,
bounding pulse. Edema is an example
11. What is the main electrolyte in the extracellular fluid?: Sodium (NaCl) Chlo-
ride
12. The main electrolyte inside of the cell?: Potassium
13. Main electrolyte in the interstitial space: Magnesium
14. Sodium normal range: 135-145 meq/L
15. High sodium ( > 145 mEq/L):: hypernatremia
16. Symptoms of hypernatremia include: dehydration and any accompanying
ECF volume deficit (postural hypotension, weakness, and tachycardia).
17. <135 meq/L (Low sodium): Hyponatremia
18. Hyponatremia symptoms: Causes brain swelling, weakness, and confusion
19. Normal Chloride levels: 98-108meq/L
20. >108 Meq/L High Chloride levels: Hyperchloremia
21. <98 meq/L Low Chloride levels: Hypochloremia
22. 3.5 - 5 mEq/liter: normal potassium levels
23. High potassium >5 meq/L: Hyperkalemia
1/5
, NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_eonmnq
24. <3.5 meq/L Low potassium: Hypokalemia
25. 4-5 meq/L: normal calcium levels
26. >5 meq/L High calcium: Hypercalcemia
*muscles can spasm & tense up
27. <4 meq/L Low calcium: Hypocalcemia
*muscles are not as strong
28. Normal magnesium Levels: 1.8-2.5 meq/L
29. How is fluid excreted from the body?: Insensible loss, peeing, sweating
30. Someone who has diarrhea and is throwing up a lot is displaying?: Dehy-
dration
Electrolyte imblance
31. What is interstitial fluid?: Fluid in between the cells
32. Where is DNA stored in the cell: Nucleus
33. What collects the DNA?: Ribosomes
34. Ribosomes make up the _____: Endoplasmic reticulum
35. How does fluid get into and out of the cell?: Osmosis
36. what is osmosis?: When fluid goes from a high concentration to a low concen-
tration
37. Difference between plant and animal cell?: Animal cells do not have a cell
wall, plants DO have a cell wall
38. What are the 5 signs of inflammation?: Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function
Heat
39. What causes redness and heat in inflammation?: Increased blood flow
40. Type 1 hypersensitivity: Anaphylaxis & allergies
41. examples of type 1 sensitivity: shellfish allergy,
bee sting allergy
42. What is anaphylaxis?: swelling of the airways from an allergic reaction
43. Type 2 hypersensitivity: Cytotoxic
Transfusion Reactions
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
44. Type 3 hypersensitivity: Immune Complex
Rheumatoid arthritis,
Lupus, MS
45. Type 4 hypersensitivity: Delayed cell mediated
contact dermatitis
2/5
