,RADIOGRAPHICIM
AGING&EXPOSUR
m
m m
E
FO U RTH ED I T I O N
m m m m m m m m m m m m
TERRI L. FAUBER, EdD, RT(R)(M)
m m m m
AssociatemProfessor mandmRadiographymProgrammDirecto
rmDepartmentmofmRadiationmSciences
SchoolmofmAlliedmHealthmProfessions
mVirginia mCommonwealth m Universit
ymRichmond,mVirginia
withm 205m illustrations
,3251mRiverport m Lane
St.mLouis,mMissourim63043
RADIOGRAPHIC m I MAGIN G m & m EXPOSUR E,m FOURTH m EDITION ISBN:m 978-0-323-08322-5
Copyrightm©m2013, m2009, m2004, m2000 mbymMosby, man mimprintmof mElseviermInc.
Allmrightsmreserved.mNompartmofmthismpublicationmmay mbemreproducedmor mtransmittedminmany mformm
or mbymanym means,melectronicmormmechanical,mincludingmphotocopying,mrecording,mor many minformatio
nmstoragemandm retrievalmsystem,mwithout mpermissionminmwritingmfrommthempublisher.mDetailsmonmho
w mtomseekmpermission,m further minformationmaboutmthemPublisher’s mpermissionsmpolicies mandmour mar
rangements mwithmorganizations m suchmasmthemCopyright mClearancemCenter mandmthemCopyrightmLicens
ingmAgency,mcanmbemfoundmatmour mweb- m site:mwww.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thismbookmandmthemindividualmcontributionsmcontainedminmitmaremprotectedmundermcopyright mbymthe
mPublisher m (other mthanmas m may mbemnotedmherein).
Notices
Knowledgemandmbestmpracticeminmthismfieldmaremconstantly mchanging.mAsmnewmresearchmandmexp
eriencem broadenmourmunderstanding,mchangesminmresearchmmethods,mprofessionalmpractices,mor m
medicalmtreat- m mentmmay mbecomemnecessary.
Practitioners mandmresearchers mmustmalwaysmrelymonmtheir mownmexperiencemandmknowledgeminme
valuatingm andmusingmany minformation,mmethods,mcompounds,mor mexperiments mdescribedmherein.
mInmusingmsuchm informationmor mmethods mtheym shouldmbemmindfulmofmtheirm ownmsafetymandmthe
msafety mofmothers,mincludingm parties mfor mwhommthey mhavemamprofessionalmresponsibility.
Withmrespectmtomany mdrugmor mpharmaceuticalmproductsmidentified,mreadersmaremadvisedmtomcheck
mthemmostm current minformationmprovidedm(i)monmproceduresmfeaturedmorm(ii)mbymthemmanufactu
rer mofmeachmproductm tombemadministered,mtomverifymthemrecommendedmdosemormformula,mthemm
ethodmandmdurationmofmadminis-
m tration,mandmcontraindications.mItmismthem responsibilitym ofmpractitioners,mrelyingmonmtheirmownm
experiencem andmknowledgemofmtheirmpatients,mtommakemdiagnoses,mtomdeterminemdosagesmandmt
hembestmtreatment mform eachmindividualmpatient,mandmtomtakemallmappropriatemsafety mprecautions.
Tomthemfullestmextentmofmthemlaw,mneithermthemPublishermnor mthemauthors,mcontributors,mor medito
rs,massumem anymliabilitymformanyminjurymand/ormdamagemtompersonsmor mpropertymasmammatter mo
fmproductsmliability,m negligencemormotherwise,mormfrommanymusemor moperationmofmany mmethods,m
products,minstructions,mor mideasm containedminmthemmaterialmherein.
Librarymof mCongressmCataloging-in-Publication mData
Fauber,m Terrim L.
Radiographicm imagingm & m exposurem /m Terrim L.m Fauber.m -- m 4thm ed.
p.m ;m cm.
Radiographicmimagingmandmexposurem
Includes mindex.
ISBN m 978-0-323-08322-5m (pbk.m :m alk.m paper)
I.mTitle.mII.mTitle:mRadiographicmimagingmandmexposure.
[DNLM:m1.mRadiography.m2.mRadiographicmImagem Enhancement.m WN m200]
616.07572--dc23 2011040614
Publisher:m Jeannem Olson
Associatem Developmentalm Editor:m AnnemSimon
Publishing m Servicesm Managers:m Juliem Eddy m andm Hemamalinim Rajendrababu
Projectm Managers: m Janm Watersm andm Srikumar m Narayanan
Designer:m Ashley m Eberts
PrintedminmthemUnitedmStatesmofmAmerica
Last m digitm ism them printm number:m 9m m 8m m 7m m 6m m 5m m 4m m 3m m 2m m 1
, CONTRIBUTORS
m m m m m m m m m m m
JamesmJohnston,mPhD,mRT(R)(CV)
Associatem Professor
DirectormofmInterdisciplinary mEducation
CollegemofmHealthmSciences mandmHumanmServices mMidwe
sternmStatemUniversity
Wichitam Falls, m Texas
Kenneth mA.mKraft,mPhD,mDAB
R mAssociatemProfessormDepart
mentmofmRadiology mSchool mofm
Medicine
VirginiamCommonwealthmUniversity m
Richmond, mVirginia
ElizabethmMeixner,mMEd,mRT(R)(MR)(CT)
AssistantmChair
DepartmentmofmRadiationmSci ences mSc
hool mofmAlliedmHealthmProfessions mVir
giniamCommonwealthmUniversity mRic
hmond, mVirginia
iii
AGING&EXPOSUR
m
m m
E
FO U RTH ED I T I O N
m m m m m m m m m m m m
TERRI L. FAUBER, EdD, RT(R)(M)
m m m m
AssociatemProfessor mandmRadiographymProgrammDirecto
rmDepartmentmofmRadiationmSciences
SchoolmofmAlliedmHealthmProfessions
mVirginia mCommonwealth m Universit
ymRichmond,mVirginia
withm 205m illustrations
,3251mRiverport m Lane
St.mLouis,mMissourim63043
RADIOGRAPHIC m I MAGIN G m & m EXPOSUR E,m FOURTH m EDITION ISBN:m 978-0-323-08322-5
Copyrightm©m2013, m2009, m2004, m2000 mbymMosby, man mimprintmof mElseviermInc.
Allmrightsmreserved.mNompartmofmthismpublicationmmay mbemreproducedmor mtransmittedminmany mformm
or mbymanym means,melectronicmormmechanical,mincludingmphotocopying,mrecording,mor many minformatio
nmstoragemandm retrievalmsystem,mwithout mpermissionminmwritingmfrommthempublisher.mDetailsmonmho
w mtomseekmpermission,m further minformationmaboutmthemPublisher’s mpermissionsmpolicies mandmour mar
rangements mwithmorganizations m suchmasmthemCopyright mClearancemCenter mandmthemCopyrightmLicens
ingmAgency,mcanmbemfoundmatmour mweb- m site:mwww.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thismbookmandmthemindividualmcontributionsmcontainedminmitmaremprotectedmundermcopyright mbymthe
mPublisher m (other mthanmas m may mbemnotedmherein).
Notices
Knowledgemandmbestmpracticeminmthismfieldmaremconstantly mchanging.mAsmnewmresearchmandmexp
eriencem broadenmourmunderstanding,mchangesminmresearchmmethods,mprofessionalmpractices,mor m
medicalmtreat- m mentmmay mbecomemnecessary.
Practitioners mandmresearchers mmustmalwaysmrelymonmtheir mownmexperiencemandmknowledgeminme
valuatingm andmusingmany minformation,mmethods,mcompounds,mor mexperiments mdescribedmherein.
mInmusingmsuchm informationmor mmethods mtheym shouldmbemmindfulmofmtheirm ownmsafetymandmthe
msafety mofmothers,mincludingm parties mfor mwhommthey mhavemamprofessionalmresponsibility.
Withmrespectmtomany mdrugmor mpharmaceuticalmproductsmidentified,mreadersmaremadvisedmtomcheck
mthemmostm current minformationmprovidedm(i)monmproceduresmfeaturedmorm(ii)mbymthemmanufactu
rer mofmeachmproductm tombemadministered,mtomverifymthemrecommendedmdosemormformula,mthemm
ethodmandmdurationmofmadminis-
m tration,mandmcontraindications.mItmismthem responsibilitym ofmpractitioners,mrelyingmonmtheirmownm
experiencem andmknowledgemofmtheirmpatients,mtommakemdiagnoses,mtomdeterminemdosagesmandmt
hembestmtreatment mform eachmindividualmpatient,mandmtomtakemallmappropriatemsafety mprecautions.
Tomthemfullestmextentmofmthemlaw,mneithermthemPublishermnor mthemauthors,mcontributors,mor medito
rs,massumem anymliabilitymformanyminjurymand/ormdamagemtompersonsmor mpropertymasmammatter mo
fmproductsmliability,m negligencemormotherwise,mormfrommanymusemor moperationmofmany mmethods,m
products,minstructions,mor mideasm containedminmthemmaterialmherein.
Librarymof mCongressmCataloging-in-Publication mData
Fauber,m Terrim L.
Radiographicm imagingm & m exposurem /m Terrim L.m Fauber.m -- m 4thm ed.
p.m ;m cm.
Radiographicmimagingmandmexposurem
Includes mindex.
ISBN m 978-0-323-08322-5m (pbk.m :m alk.m paper)
I.mTitle.mII.mTitle:mRadiographicmimagingmandmexposure.
[DNLM:m1.mRadiography.m2.mRadiographicmImagem Enhancement.m WN m200]
616.07572--dc23 2011040614
Publisher:m Jeannem Olson
Associatem Developmentalm Editor:m AnnemSimon
Publishing m Servicesm Managers:m Juliem Eddy m andm Hemamalinim Rajendrababu
Projectm Managers: m Janm Watersm andm Srikumar m Narayanan
Designer:m Ashley m Eberts
PrintedminmthemUnitedmStatesmofmAmerica
Last m digitm ism them printm number:m 9m m 8m m 7m m 6m m 5m m 4m m 3m m 2m m 1
, CONTRIBUTORS
m m m m m m m m m m m
JamesmJohnston,mPhD,mRT(R)(CV)
Associatem Professor
DirectormofmInterdisciplinary mEducation
CollegemofmHealthmSciences mandmHumanmServices mMidwe
sternmStatemUniversity
Wichitam Falls, m Texas
Kenneth mA.mKraft,mPhD,mDAB
R mAssociatemProfessormDepart
mentmofmRadiology mSchool mofm
Medicine
VirginiamCommonwealthmUniversity m
Richmond, mVirginia
ElizabethmMeixner,mMEd,mRT(R)(MR)(CT)
AssistantmChair
DepartmentmofmRadiationmSci ences mSc
hool mofmAlliedmHealthmProfessions mVir
giniamCommonwealthmUniversity mRic
hmond, mVirginia
iii
