Bio WGU study for OA c190
Adaptation- correct answerThe adjustment or changes in behavior, physiology, and structure of an
organism to become more suited to an environment.
Aerobic- correct answerA process that requires oxygen.
Allele -An alternative form of a gene. An example would be genes that encode eye color—some encode
blue eyes (one allele), while others encode brown, green, or hazel eye colors (other alleles). correct
answer
amino acids - correct answerA small organic molecule with the structure of an amino group, a carboxylic
acid group, and an "R" group, which are all bonded to a single central carbon atom. The difference
between the "R" group is what distinguishes one amino acid from another. Amino acids are the building
blocks of proteins.
Anaerobic- correct answerA process that occurs without oxygen.
Anaphase- correct answerA stage within the mitosis phase of cell division (also known as cell
reproduction). Anaphase starts when sister chromatids separate from each other and ends when each
set of separated, sister chromatids arrives at the opposite poles of the cell.
anaphase I- correct answerThe third stage of Meiosis I—the two homologous chromosomes separate
and migrate toward opposite poles.
anaphase II- correct answerThe third stage in Meiosis II—the centromeres separate and the sister
chromatids (now individual chromosomes) move toward the opposite poles of the cell.
artificial selection- correct answerDeliberate mating between two individuals who were selected based
on desired traits.
,asexual reproduction - correct answerA type of reproduction where genetically identical offspring are
created from a single parent. This type of reproduction does not utilize meiosis or gametes. Bacteria
and fungi are examples of organisms that reproduce in this manner. correct answer
Atom- correct answerThe basic unit of matter that cannot be further broken down without losing its
unique properties. One atom consists of a dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons.
Autosomal- correct answerDescribes a trait associated with alleles located on autosomes (non sex
chromosomes).
autosomal chromosome- correct answerA chromosome not involved in sex determination.
biogeochemical cycle- correct answerThe processes that transfer chemical elements between biotic and
abiotic components in an ecosystem. There are several main cycles: the water cycle, the carbon cycle,
the nitrogen cycle, and the phosphorus cycle.
Biome- correct answerA large naturally occurring community of plants and animals occupying a major
habitat. Examples include tropical forest and arctic tundra.
Biomes- correct answerA pattern of distribution of ecosystems across the globe, where similar
environmental conditions lead to similar animal and plant adaptations. Examples of biomes include
tropical rainforests, deserts, and tundra.
biosphere- correct answerAll areas on, within, and around the planet Earth that are capable of
supporting life.
Calvin cycle (Calvin-Ben correct answerson cycle or light-independent reaction)- The set of chemical
reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis. The cycle is light-independent because it
takes place after the energy has been captured from sunlight. Also called Calvin-Benson Cycle, Benson-
Calvin Cycle.
,Carbohydrates- correct answerThe extracellular surface of the cell membrane is decorated with
carbohydrate groups attached to lipids and proteins. These short carbohydrates play a role in giving a
cell its identity (i.e., distinguishing self from non-self) and are the distinguishing factor in human blood
types.
carbon cycle- correct answerThe biogeochemical cycle through which carbon flows between the
atmosphere, water, land, and ecosystems.
cell cycle- correct answerA series of phases in the life of the cell through which it grows and divides.
cell wall- correct answerProtective and reinforcing structure found in certain cells, situated outside the
plasma membrane. Bacterial cell walls are mainly built of peptidoglycan, although they may also contain
lipidic molecules. Among eukaryotes, plants and fungi possess cell walls, made of cellulose and chitin,
respectively.
cellular respiration- correct answerUse of oxygen to release energy from nutrients; also called aerobic
respiration.
Centromere- correct answerA specific section of a chromosome where spindle fibers attach during cell
division; also the connection point of sister chromatids.
Chlorophyll- correct answerA plant pigment used to absorb light energy for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll
gives plants their green color because it absorbs red and blue light particularly well, while reflecting
green.
Chloroplast- correct answerAn organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists (single-celled
eukaryotic organisms) that contain pigments such as chlorophyl. Its primary function is to capture solar
energy and convert it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. Chloroplast absorbs
sunlight energy and uses the energy to power the synthesis of organic food molecules (sugars). A
chloroplast contains its own DNA as a single circular chromosome.
Sister Chromatid - correct answerOne of two identical copies of a chromosome duplicated during the S
phase of the cell cycle. A centromere connects two sister chromatids together. When joined together,
sister chromatids compose one chromosome. Chromatids are separated from each other during mitosis
or meiosis II.
, Citric acid cycle- correct answerThe 2nd stage of aerobic cellular respiration that occurs when acetyl CoA
combines with a four-carbon molecule and goes through a cycle of reactions, ultimately producing ATP,
NADH, FADH2, and CO2.
climate change- correct answerIt is the full range of climatic disruptions that have occurred as a
probable result of human alteration of the atmosphere. In other words, it is recent climate warming—
and weirdness—that is probably caused by human activities and technology use.
Codominance- correct answerA form of dominance where both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote
are fully expressed. This results in offspring with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive. A
typical example showing codominance is the ABO blood group system.
Codons- correct answerA sequence of three nucleotides in an mRNA molecule that specifies which
amino acid should be added to a growing polypeptide chain.
Commensalism- correct answerA symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other
does not, but also is not harmed.
Competition- correct answerA type of interspecific interaction where both species are harmed.
complementary base pairing- correct answerDescribes the hydrogen bonding that occurs between
specific nucleotides on opposing strands of DNA or RNA. In DNA, adenine is paired with thymine, and
guanine is paired with cytosine. When RNA is made from DNA, adenine is paired with uracil, and guanine
is paired with cytosine.
Consumers- correct answerAn organism that must eat or absorb complex food molecules derived from
the bodies of other organisms. Consumers get their energy and nutrients from such food molecules.
Humans and other animals are consumers, as are fungi and most bacteria.
covalent bonds- correct answerCovalent bonds represent the sharing of the electrons (negatively
charged subatomic particles between atoms). The number of covalent bonds that can form is dictated
by the number of unpaired electrons in the outer valence shell of the atom.
Adaptation- correct answerThe adjustment or changes in behavior, physiology, and structure of an
organism to become more suited to an environment.
Aerobic- correct answerA process that requires oxygen.
Allele -An alternative form of a gene. An example would be genes that encode eye color—some encode
blue eyes (one allele), while others encode brown, green, or hazel eye colors (other alleles). correct
answer
amino acids - correct answerA small organic molecule with the structure of an amino group, a carboxylic
acid group, and an "R" group, which are all bonded to a single central carbon atom. The difference
between the "R" group is what distinguishes one amino acid from another. Amino acids are the building
blocks of proteins.
Anaerobic- correct answerA process that occurs without oxygen.
Anaphase- correct answerA stage within the mitosis phase of cell division (also known as cell
reproduction). Anaphase starts when sister chromatids separate from each other and ends when each
set of separated, sister chromatids arrives at the opposite poles of the cell.
anaphase I- correct answerThe third stage of Meiosis I—the two homologous chromosomes separate
and migrate toward opposite poles.
anaphase II- correct answerThe third stage in Meiosis II—the centromeres separate and the sister
chromatids (now individual chromosomes) move toward the opposite poles of the cell.
artificial selection- correct answerDeliberate mating between two individuals who were selected based
on desired traits.
,asexual reproduction - correct answerA type of reproduction where genetically identical offspring are
created from a single parent. This type of reproduction does not utilize meiosis or gametes. Bacteria
and fungi are examples of organisms that reproduce in this manner. correct answer
Atom- correct answerThe basic unit of matter that cannot be further broken down without losing its
unique properties. One atom consists of a dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons.
Autosomal- correct answerDescribes a trait associated with alleles located on autosomes (non sex
chromosomes).
autosomal chromosome- correct answerA chromosome not involved in sex determination.
biogeochemical cycle- correct answerThe processes that transfer chemical elements between biotic and
abiotic components in an ecosystem. There are several main cycles: the water cycle, the carbon cycle,
the nitrogen cycle, and the phosphorus cycle.
Biome- correct answerA large naturally occurring community of plants and animals occupying a major
habitat. Examples include tropical forest and arctic tundra.
Biomes- correct answerA pattern of distribution of ecosystems across the globe, where similar
environmental conditions lead to similar animal and plant adaptations. Examples of biomes include
tropical rainforests, deserts, and tundra.
biosphere- correct answerAll areas on, within, and around the planet Earth that are capable of
supporting life.
Calvin cycle (Calvin-Ben correct answerson cycle or light-independent reaction)- The set of chemical
reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis. The cycle is light-independent because it
takes place after the energy has been captured from sunlight. Also called Calvin-Benson Cycle, Benson-
Calvin Cycle.
,Carbohydrates- correct answerThe extracellular surface of the cell membrane is decorated with
carbohydrate groups attached to lipids and proteins. These short carbohydrates play a role in giving a
cell its identity (i.e., distinguishing self from non-self) and are the distinguishing factor in human blood
types.
carbon cycle- correct answerThe biogeochemical cycle through which carbon flows between the
atmosphere, water, land, and ecosystems.
cell cycle- correct answerA series of phases in the life of the cell through which it grows and divides.
cell wall- correct answerProtective and reinforcing structure found in certain cells, situated outside the
plasma membrane. Bacterial cell walls are mainly built of peptidoglycan, although they may also contain
lipidic molecules. Among eukaryotes, plants and fungi possess cell walls, made of cellulose and chitin,
respectively.
cellular respiration- correct answerUse of oxygen to release energy from nutrients; also called aerobic
respiration.
Centromere- correct answerA specific section of a chromosome where spindle fibers attach during cell
division; also the connection point of sister chromatids.
Chlorophyll- correct answerA plant pigment used to absorb light energy for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll
gives plants their green color because it absorbs red and blue light particularly well, while reflecting
green.
Chloroplast- correct answerAn organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists (single-celled
eukaryotic organisms) that contain pigments such as chlorophyl. Its primary function is to capture solar
energy and convert it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. Chloroplast absorbs
sunlight energy and uses the energy to power the synthesis of organic food molecules (sugars). A
chloroplast contains its own DNA as a single circular chromosome.
Sister Chromatid - correct answerOne of two identical copies of a chromosome duplicated during the S
phase of the cell cycle. A centromere connects two sister chromatids together. When joined together,
sister chromatids compose one chromosome. Chromatids are separated from each other during mitosis
or meiosis II.
, Citric acid cycle- correct answerThe 2nd stage of aerobic cellular respiration that occurs when acetyl CoA
combines with a four-carbon molecule and goes through a cycle of reactions, ultimately producing ATP,
NADH, FADH2, and CO2.
climate change- correct answerIt is the full range of climatic disruptions that have occurred as a
probable result of human alteration of the atmosphere. In other words, it is recent climate warming—
and weirdness—that is probably caused by human activities and technology use.
Codominance- correct answerA form of dominance where both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote
are fully expressed. This results in offspring with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive. A
typical example showing codominance is the ABO blood group system.
Codons- correct answerA sequence of three nucleotides in an mRNA molecule that specifies which
amino acid should be added to a growing polypeptide chain.
Commensalism- correct answerA symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other
does not, but also is not harmed.
Competition- correct answerA type of interspecific interaction where both species are harmed.
complementary base pairing- correct answerDescribes the hydrogen bonding that occurs between
specific nucleotides on opposing strands of DNA or RNA. In DNA, adenine is paired with thymine, and
guanine is paired with cytosine. When RNA is made from DNA, adenine is paired with uracil, and guanine
is paired with cytosine.
Consumers- correct answerAn organism that must eat or absorb complex food molecules derived from
the bodies of other organisms. Consumers get their energy and nutrients from such food molecules.
Humans and other animals are consumers, as are fungi and most bacteria.
covalent bonds- correct answerCovalent bonds represent the sharing of the electrons (negatively
charged subatomic particles between atoms). The number of covalent bonds that can form is dictated
by the number of unpaired electrons in the outer valence shell of the atom.
