Pub Health 150 || QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
CORRECT!!
public health correct answers - the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and
promoting health through organized efforts of society
- the process of mobilizing local, state/provincial, national and international resources to
assure the conditions in which all people can be healthy (not only individual but
community/population health)
- does not guarantee optimal health but creates the conditions under which it can be achieved
by society
scope of public health correct answers infectious diseases, chronic diseases; nutrition,
accidents, violence, injuries; health equity, health of vulnerable populations, health care, etc.
strategy of public health correct answers asses the current health issues --> identify the
problems --> research --> intervention --> disseminate results --> science-based policy
maxim of public health correct answers the health of the individual is best ensured by
maintaining and improving the health of the community
goal of public health correct answers the biologic, physical and mental well-being of all
members of the global society, regardless of their ethnicity, religions, gender, sexual
orientation, country or political views
present day global health problems correct answers - air pollution, total 7 million deaths,
highest in Asia
- Ebola outbreak kills thousands
- artemisinin resistance in plasmodium falciparum poses threat to elimination of malaria, SE
Asia
- measles outbreak in Democratic Republic of Congo kills 400 (last year)
- cholera outbreak in Yemen
- zika
- MERS (Saudi Arabia, South Korea)
- polio
- war, gun violence, climate change, obesity, diabetes, dementia, etc.
epidemics in LA and SD correct answers - Hep A among homeless, transmission occurs
through poor sanitation
- West Nile encephalitis, mosquito-borne
- measles (also in Europe)
- STD's ranked first
- zika
- pesticide --> brain damage
vaccination resistance correct answers internet false data (childhood immunizations); leads to
no herd immunity
dementia correct answers disproportionate increase in low and middle income countries
,obesity/diabetes correct answers disproportionately higher in AA, especially black women;
associated with ischaemic heart disease
ischaemic heart disease correct answers causal chain from age, education, income -->
physical activity, fat intake, overweight, alcohol, smoking --> bp, cholestrol, type 2 diabetes
--> ischaemic heart disease
hypertension correct answers 47% controlled, 53% uncontrolled --> 14.1 mil unaware, 5.7
aware but untreated, 16 mil aware and treated
measles correct answers - outbreak in Europe, over 41,000 cases
- complication common in children <5 and adults >20
- before vaccine, 3-4 million cases with 450-500 deaths
- outbreak in U.S. hit 21 states due to falling level of immunizations
zika correct answers - most common in pacific islands, southern asia, central and southern
america, caribbean, U.S. southern states
- mosquito borne with incubation of 10 days
- host in humans/monkeys
- cross reactive diagnosis
- similar to dengue - have to rule out before giving ASA or non-steroidal anti-inflammatories
- control by taking precautions against mosquitos, protective clothing
- neurologic effects on fetuses
- mostly travel related cases in the U.S., some local transmission
pesticides correct answers used in agriculture/rural areas in CA
sexual diseases correct answers LA 1st in the nation for chlamydia and 2nd for gonorrhea
life expectancy correct answers increased overtime overall; correlated with GDP per capita;
at birth, much higher in whites for both males and females
- widening inequality by wealth: 13 year gap for men and 14 year gap for women
- developed regions > latin america > eastern europe > asia
maternal mortality ratio correct answers has risen over past years
top ranked longevity countries correct answers men: iceland, switzerland, australia
women: japan, spain, switzerland
reasons for longevity correct answers sanitation, clean water, universal immunization, health
education, improved prevention and treatment
global causes of death correct answers ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
low-income causes of death correct answers lower respiratory infections, diarrheal disease,
ischaemic heart disease
,high-income causes of death correct answers ischaemic heart disease, stroke, alzheimer and
other dementia
top ranked noncommunicable diseases correct answers diabetes, cancers, chronic respiratory
diseases
top ranked among children correct answers diarrhea, neonatal infections, pneumonia
projected causes of death have seen a decrease in... correct answers actue respiratory
infections, perinatal conditions, HIV/AIDS, TB, malaria
projected causes of death have seen an increase in... correct answers cancers, ischaemic heart
disease, cerebrovascular disease, traffic accidents
top risk factors for death correct answers high blood pressure, tobacco use, high blood
glucose
deaths by broad cause group correct answers developed regions: 77% noncommunicable,
14% communicable, 9% injuries
undeveloped regions: 55% communicable, 37% noncommunicable, 8% injuries
child mortality rate correct answers highest in sub-saharan africa
U.S. causes of death correct answers heart disease, cancer, chronic lower respiratory disease
cancer-related causes of death correct answers male: lung and bronchus, prostate, colon and
rectum
female: lunch and bronchus, breast, colon and rectum
major preventable risk factors correct answers aka behaviors; smoking, alcohol, drugs, seat
belt, diet/inactivity, healthcare disparities, gun policy, sex
disability adjusted life years correct answers - one lost year of "healthy" life
- sum of DALYs across pop measure gap between current health status and ideal health
condition (ideal: entire pop lives to an advanced age, free of disease and disability)
- highest in sub-saharan africa
- in developing countries, shifting from communicable disease to noncommunicable
-some attributable to climate change
- leading causes used to be lower respiratory disease and diarrheal disease, but increasing
burden of noncommunicable diseases and injuries
calculating DALYs correct answers sum of the Years of Life Lost due to premature mortality
and the Years Lost due to disability
YLL = (# of deaths) x (standard life expectancy at age which death occurs)
health care crisis in the U.S. correct answers - healthcare disparities
- insurance
- vaccinations
- high per capita health expenditures
, contributions to premature death correct answers 40% behavioral patterns, 30% genetic
predisposition, 15% social circumstances, 10% healthcare, 5% env exposure
road traffic deaths correct answers U.S. ranks highest and has seen the lowest reduction
(Spain highest)
- most involving alcohol, less involving speed compared to other countries
drug use correct answers kills more people than cars and guns; opioid overdose; higher in
whites
gun-related deaths correct answers large majority by whites, 85% of gun homicide victims
are male often caused by other males
smoking correct answers #1 cause of preventable deaths, >50% of children exposed to
second-hand smoke, 24% men and 18% women smoke now, 31% of smokers earn wages
below poverty line
- number one risk factor for cancer deaths
- tobacco kills half its users (6 million)
- 16% deaths among men and 7% deaths among women
- oral and lung cancer and COPD
- smoke has more than 7,000 chemical compounds and damages every part of the body
- cuts life expectancy by 10 years
aging correct answers the process of growing old
negative changes with aging correct answers - decreased reaction time, psychomotor speed,
and verbal memory
- loss of muscle
- decline in strength and walking speed
- greater mortality
positive changes with aging correct answers - decline in addictive behaviors and crime,
reduction in severe psychiatric disorders, and stability in psychological wellbeing
- continue increased in vocab
- greater selectivity in friendship and increased contact with close family
- increase in leisure and altruistic behavior
complexities of aging correct answers biological, psychological, and social changes at
varying rates, affected by surrounding env but contributed to heterogeneity in pop
(substantial indv difference in rates of change lead to diversity among older adults)
linear vs. stage based changes correct answers linear - gradual, consistent
stage - after retirement/widowment (major life stage)
goal for aging correct answers to maximize function and well-being across life span = healthy
aging - optimal, not successful
successful aging correct answers unrealistic and implies "failure" if criteria are not met
CORRECT!!
public health correct answers - the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and
promoting health through organized efforts of society
- the process of mobilizing local, state/provincial, national and international resources to
assure the conditions in which all people can be healthy (not only individual but
community/population health)
- does not guarantee optimal health but creates the conditions under which it can be achieved
by society
scope of public health correct answers infectious diseases, chronic diseases; nutrition,
accidents, violence, injuries; health equity, health of vulnerable populations, health care, etc.
strategy of public health correct answers asses the current health issues --> identify the
problems --> research --> intervention --> disseminate results --> science-based policy
maxim of public health correct answers the health of the individual is best ensured by
maintaining and improving the health of the community
goal of public health correct answers the biologic, physical and mental well-being of all
members of the global society, regardless of their ethnicity, religions, gender, sexual
orientation, country or political views
present day global health problems correct answers - air pollution, total 7 million deaths,
highest in Asia
- Ebola outbreak kills thousands
- artemisinin resistance in plasmodium falciparum poses threat to elimination of malaria, SE
Asia
- measles outbreak in Democratic Republic of Congo kills 400 (last year)
- cholera outbreak in Yemen
- zika
- MERS (Saudi Arabia, South Korea)
- polio
- war, gun violence, climate change, obesity, diabetes, dementia, etc.
epidemics in LA and SD correct answers - Hep A among homeless, transmission occurs
through poor sanitation
- West Nile encephalitis, mosquito-borne
- measles (also in Europe)
- STD's ranked first
- zika
- pesticide --> brain damage
vaccination resistance correct answers internet false data (childhood immunizations); leads to
no herd immunity
dementia correct answers disproportionate increase in low and middle income countries
,obesity/diabetes correct answers disproportionately higher in AA, especially black women;
associated with ischaemic heart disease
ischaemic heart disease correct answers causal chain from age, education, income -->
physical activity, fat intake, overweight, alcohol, smoking --> bp, cholestrol, type 2 diabetes
--> ischaemic heart disease
hypertension correct answers 47% controlled, 53% uncontrolled --> 14.1 mil unaware, 5.7
aware but untreated, 16 mil aware and treated
measles correct answers - outbreak in Europe, over 41,000 cases
- complication common in children <5 and adults >20
- before vaccine, 3-4 million cases with 450-500 deaths
- outbreak in U.S. hit 21 states due to falling level of immunizations
zika correct answers - most common in pacific islands, southern asia, central and southern
america, caribbean, U.S. southern states
- mosquito borne with incubation of 10 days
- host in humans/monkeys
- cross reactive diagnosis
- similar to dengue - have to rule out before giving ASA or non-steroidal anti-inflammatories
- control by taking precautions against mosquitos, protective clothing
- neurologic effects on fetuses
- mostly travel related cases in the U.S., some local transmission
pesticides correct answers used in agriculture/rural areas in CA
sexual diseases correct answers LA 1st in the nation for chlamydia and 2nd for gonorrhea
life expectancy correct answers increased overtime overall; correlated with GDP per capita;
at birth, much higher in whites for both males and females
- widening inequality by wealth: 13 year gap for men and 14 year gap for women
- developed regions > latin america > eastern europe > asia
maternal mortality ratio correct answers has risen over past years
top ranked longevity countries correct answers men: iceland, switzerland, australia
women: japan, spain, switzerland
reasons for longevity correct answers sanitation, clean water, universal immunization, health
education, improved prevention and treatment
global causes of death correct answers ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
low-income causes of death correct answers lower respiratory infections, diarrheal disease,
ischaemic heart disease
,high-income causes of death correct answers ischaemic heart disease, stroke, alzheimer and
other dementia
top ranked noncommunicable diseases correct answers diabetes, cancers, chronic respiratory
diseases
top ranked among children correct answers diarrhea, neonatal infections, pneumonia
projected causes of death have seen a decrease in... correct answers actue respiratory
infections, perinatal conditions, HIV/AIDS, TB, malaria
projected causes of death have seen an increase in... correct answers cancers, ischaemic heart
disease, cerebrovascular disease, traffic accidents
top risk factors for death correct answers high blood pressure, tobacco use, high blood
glucose
deaths by broad cause group correct answers developed regions: 77% noncommunicable,
14% communicable, 9% injuries
undeveloped regions: 55% communicable, 37% noncommunicable, 8% injuries
child mortality rate correct answers highest in sub-saharan africa
U.S. causes of death correct answers heart disease, cancer, chronic lower respiratory disease
cancer-related causes of death correct answers male: lung and bronchus, prostate, colon and
rectum
female: lunch and bronchus, breast, colon and rectum
major preventable risk factors correct answers aka behaviors; smoking, alcohol, drugs, seat
belt, diet/inactivity, healthcare disparities, gun policy, sex
disability adjusted life years correct answers - one lost year of "healthy" life
- sum of DALYs across pop measure gap between current health status and ideal health
condition (ideal: entire pop lives to an advanced age, free of disease and disability)
- highest in sub-saharan africa
- in developing countries, shifting from communicable disease to noncommunicable
-some attributable to climate change
- leading causes used to be lower respiratory disease and diarrheal disease, but increasing
burden of noncommunicable diseases and injuries
calculating DALYs correct answers sum of the Years of Life Lost due to premature mortality
and the Years Lost due to disability
YLL = (# of deaths) x (standard life expectancy at age which death occurs)
health care crisis in the U.S. correct answers - healthcare disparities
- insurance
- vaccinations
- high per capita health expenditures
, contributions to premature death correct answers 40% behavioral patterns, 30% genetic
predisposition, 15% social circumstances, 10% healthcare, 5% env exposure
road traffic deaths correct answers U.S. ranks highest and has seen the lowest reduction
(Spain highest)
- most involving alcohol, less involving speed compared to other countries
drug use correct answers kills more people than cars and guns; opioid overdose; higher in
whites
gun-related deaths correct answers large majority by whites, 85% of gun homicide victims
are male often caused by other males
smoking correct answers #1 cause of preventable deaths, >50% of children exposed to
second-hand smoke, 24% men and 18% women smoke now, 31% of smokers earn wages
below poverty line
- number one risk factor for cancer deaths
- tobacco kills half its users (6 million)
- 16% deaths among men and 7% deaths among women
- oral and lung cancer and COPD
- smoke has more than 7,000 chemical compounds and damages every part of the body
- cuts life expectancy by 10 years
aging correct answers the process of growing old
negative changes with aging correct answers - decreased reaction time, psychomotor speed,
and verbal memory
- loss of muscle
- decline in strength and walking speed
- greater mortality
positive changes with aging correct answers - decline in addictive behaviors and crime,
reduction in severe psychiatric disorders, and stability in psychological wellbeing
- continue increased in vocab
- greater selectivity in friendship and increased contact with close family
- increase in leisure and altruistic behavior
complexities of aging correct answers biological, psychological, and social changes at
varying rates, affected by surrounding env but contributed to heterogeneity in pop
(substantial indv difference in rates of change lead to diversity among older adults)
linear vs. stage based changes correct answers linear - gradual, consistent
stage - after retirement/widowment (major life stage)
goal for aging correct answers to maximize function and well-being across life span = healthy
aging - optimal, not successful
successful aging correct answers unrealistic and implies "failure" if criteria are not met
