Exam 2 preparation, Book Davis Advantage for Pathophysiology: Introduc tory Concepts and Clinical Perspectives 2nd Edition
Theresa Capriotti DO, MSN, CRNP, RN.
1. Macrophages: first line of defense against foreign invaders, or antigens. they engulf, ingest, and enzymatically break down
foreign matter.
Ex. Bacteria, Pollen, viruses, and fungi
2. B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes: attack specific antigens while maintaining a memory of these antigens for future
defense
3. Lymphomas and Leukemias: neoplastic disorders that affect WBC's
Neoplastic- abnormal growth of cells
4. Lymphomas: solid tumors of lymphoid cells, affect approximately 3% of U.S.
population
5. Hodgkin's Lymphoma: affects people primarily between 15-20 years of age and those aged 50-70
One of the most curable hematologic cancers and affects 1 in 25,000 annually
6. Leukemias: proliferation of cancerous WBCs affects approximately 350,000 annually, with 90% of those cases diagnosed in
adults
3rd most common cancer in children
proliferation- rapid increase in numbers
7. Normal WBC count, with differential: Normal WBC's count 5,000-10,000 cells per microliter
Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear): 40%- 80%
Immature Neutrophils (bands): 0-10%
Lymphocytes: 20%-40%
Monocytes (Macrophages) : 2%- 10%
Eosinophils: 1%-7%
Basophils: 0%-7%
8. pluripotent stem cells: differentiate into each of the different types of blood cells
more names Myeloid and lymphoid stem cells
9. Blast cells: immature white blood cells
1/6
, Exam 2 preparation, Book Davis Advantage for Pathophysiology: Introduc tory Concepts and Clinical Perspectives 2nd Edition
Theresa Capriotti DO, MSN, CRNP, RN.
.
10. Lymphocytes (developement): mature to a certain extent in the bone marrow, but then leave and complete the
maturation process in lymphoid tissue
11 B lymphocytes (developement): develop in plasma cells, within lymph nodes 12. T Lymphocytes (developement):
maturation in thymus gland, they become T helper(cd4) and cytotoxic T cells (CD8)
13. Monocytes: mature into macrophages in tissues where they are phagocytic
could also become dendritic cells- present antigens to T cells
14. Lymphocytes: A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections and contribute to long-term
immunity
15. Granulocytes: A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.
16. Neutrophils: first responders to an infection, stressful event, or inflammatory reaction
Mature Neutrophils (segs): 1 to 2 days
17. Shift to the left: high ratio of immature neutrophils to mature neutrophils
18. Eosinophils: released mainly during allergic reactions
19. Basophils: mainly released during parasitic infection
20. Leukocytosis: WBC count over 11,000/mm3
Normal response to infection
21. Leukemoid reaction: a benign leukocytosis (> 50,000) that occurs in response to underlying severe
infection/hemorrhage, malignancy, or acute hemolysis. Smear can show increased bands, early neutrophil precurors
(myelocytes, and granules (Döhle bodies) in the neutrophils.
22. Leukopenia: below 4,000/mcl
23. Neutrophilia: commonly rises in leukocytosis
Neutrophil predominance in WBC count; above 7,000/mcl when WBC is lower than
11,000/mcl
commonly occurs in response to bacterial infection
24. Monocytic Leukocytosis: monocytosis, monocyte count above 800mcl or 8% 25. Lymphocytosis: Changes with age:
Infant-above 9,000/mcl
Children- 7,000/mcl
2/6
Theresa Capriotti DO, MSN, CRNP, RN.
1. Macrophages: first line of defense against foreign invaders, or antigens. they engulf, ingest, and enzymatically break down
foreign matter.
Ex. Bacteria, Pollen, viruses, and fungi
2. B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes: attack specific antigens while maintaining a memory of these antigens for future
defense
3. Lymphomas and Leukemias: neoplastic disorders that affect WBC's
Neoplastic- abnormal growth of cells
4. Lymphomas: solid tumors of lymphoid cells, affect approximately 3% of U.S.
population
5. Hodgkin's Lymphoma: affects people primarily between 15-20 years of age and those aged 50-70
One of the most curable hematologic cancers and affects 1 in 25,000 annually
6. Leukemias: proliferation of cancerous WBCs affects approximately 350,000 annually, with 90% of those cases diagnosed in
adults
3rd most common cancer in children
proliferation- rapid increase in numbers
7. Normal WBC count, with differential: Normal WBC's count 5,000-10,000 cells per microliter
Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear): 40%- 80%
Immature Neutrophils (bands): 0-10%
Lymphocytes: 20%-40%
Monocytes (Macrophages) : 2%- 10%
Eosinophils: 1%-7%
Basophils: 0%-7%
8. pluripotent stem cells: differentiate into each of the different types of blood cells
more names Myeloid and lymphoid stem cells
9. Blast cells: immature white blood cells
1/6
, Exam 2 preparation, Book Davis Advantage for Pathophysiology: Introduc tory Concepts and Clinical Perspectives 2nd Edition
Theresa Capriotti DO, MSN, CRNP, RN.
.
10. Lymphocytes (developement): mature to a certain extent in the bone marrow, but then leave and complete the
maturation process in lymphoid tissue
11 B lymphocytes (developement): develop in plasma cells, within lymph nodes 12. T Lymphocytes (developement):
maturation in thymus gland, they become T helper(cd4) and cytotoxic T cells (CD8)
13. Monocytes: mature into macrophages in tissues where they are phagocytic
could also become dendritic cells- present antigens to T cells
14. Lymphocytes: A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections and contribute to long-term
immunity
15. Granulocytes: A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.
16. Neutrophils: first responders to an infection, stressful event, or inflammatory reaction
Mature Neutrophils (segs): 1 to 2 days
17. Shift to the left: high ratio of immature neutrophils to mature neutrophils
18. Eosinophils: released mainly during allergic reactions
19. Basophils: mainly released during parasitic infection
20. Leukocytosis: WBC count over 11,000/mm3
Normal response to infection
21. Leukemoid reaction: a benign leukocytosis (> 50,000) that occurs in response to underlying severe
infection/hemorrhage, malignancy, or acute hemolysis. Smear can show increased bands, early neutrophil precurors
(myelocytes, and granules (Döhle bodies) in the neutrophils.
22. Leukopenia: below 4,000/mcl
23. Neutrophilia: commonly rises in leukocytosis
Neutrophil predominance in WBC count; above 7,000/mcl when WBC is lower than
11,000/mcl
commonly occurs in response to bacterial infection
24. Monocytic Leukocytosis: monocytosis, monocyte count above 800mcl or 8% 25. Lymphocytosis: Changes with age:
Infant-above 9,000/mcl
Children- 7,000/mcl
2/6
