LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT
• The number of individuals in late adulthood is
Coverage: increasing worldwide.
• The aging population is expected to grow in
• Late Adulthood
both the United States and globally in the
• Late Adulthood in America future.
• The "Graying" of the World • This shift will have significant social, economic,
• Life Expectancy vs Lifespan and healthcare implications.
• Gender Differences in Life Theories of Human Aging:
Expectancy • Several theories explore the biological,
• Age Categories in Late psychological, and social factors influencing
Adulthood aging.
• These theories help explain why and how
• Theories of Aging
individuals age differently.
• Physical Changes of Aging Changes in Late Adulthood:
• Sensory Changes in Late • Physical Changes: Decrease in strength,
Adulthood mobility, and sensory abilities.
• Nutrition • Cognitive Changes: Some cognitive abilities
• Chronic Conditions may decline, but others, like wisdom and
• Brain Functioning knowledge, can improve.
• Socioemotional Changes: Adjustments in
• Sleep
relationships, social roles, and emotional well-
• Sexuality being are common.
• How Does Aging Affect Diversity in Late Adulthood:
Information Processing? • Not all individuals experience aging the same
• Memory way.
• Attention and Problem Solving • There is considerable diversity in physical,
• Intelligence and Wisdom cognitive, and emotional aging.
Ageism and Myths:
• Neurocognitive Disorders
• Ageism: Prejudice or discrimination against
• Work, Retirement, and Leisure older adults.
• Ageism • Myths: Many stereotypes and false beliefs exist
• Living Arrangements about aging, such as the idea that older adults
• Erikson: Integrity vs. Despair are universally frail or mentally impaired.
• Generativity in Late Adulthood
• Social Networks in Late Late Adulthood in America
Adulthood Fastest Growing Age Group:
• Late Adult Lifestyles • Late adulthood (ages 65 and above) is the
• Gay and Lesbian Elders fastest-growing age group in the U.S.
• Elder Abuse population.
• Currently, one in seven Americans is 65 years
• Substance Abuse and the or older.
Elderly Baby Boomers:
• Successful Aging • Baby boomers (born between 1946-1964)
began turning 65 in 2011.
• About 10,000 baby boomers reach 65 every
day.
Late Adulthood Projected Growth:
• By 2050, nearly 1 in 4 Americans will be over
Definition of Late Adulthood: 65.
• Begins around mid-sixties and continues until • Older adults will live longer than previous
death. generations, with life expectancy increasing.
• This stage is the longest developmental period Life Expectancy Increase:
across the lifespan. • A person who turned 65 in 2015 can expect to
Growth in Numbers: live an additional 19 years.
1|Hikamac chi
, LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT
• This is 5.5 years longer than someone who • By 2050, this group will increase from 8% to
turned 65 in 1950. 16% of the global population.
"Graying of America": Increase in Older Populations:
• The growing aging population is referred to as • In less developed countries, the number of
the "Graying of America." older adults is expected to increase by over
• This trend is already affecting many areas, 250% between 2010 and 2050.
including: • In developed countries, the increase is
o Work
projected at 71%.
o Healthcare
• The increase in older populations is due to
o Housing
declines in fertility and improvements in
o Social Security
o Caregiving longevity.
o Adaptive technologies Fertility Rates:
Future Projections: • Fertility rates in developed countries dropped
• The U.S. Census Bureau projects an below replacement levels in the 1970s (below
increasing percentage of the population aged two live births per woman).
65+ by 2030. • In less developed countries, fertility also fell
• Table 9.1 (not provided here) shows the from six children per woman in 1950 to about
projected percentages for 2012, 2020, and two or three in 2005.
2030. U.S. vs China and India:
• While the U.S. will have a large older
The "Graying" of the World population, China and India will have even
larger elderly populations by 2050.
Global Aging Trends: • China's older population is expected to grow
• While the U.S. is aging, it is still younger than larger than the current total U.S. population
most developed countries. by 2050.
• Countries like Germany, Italy, and Japan had Caregiving Challenges:
over 20% of their populations aged 65 and over • In 2000, there were about 10 people aged 85+
in 2012. for every 100 people aged 50-64 (likely
• Japan had the highest percentage of elderly in caregivers for older adults).
2012, and it is expected to remain the oldest • By 2040, the number of elderly requiring
population through 2030 and 2050. support will more than double.
Projected Global Aging: • Families will need external physical,
• Between 2012 and 2050, the proportion of emotional, and financial support to care for
people aged 65 and over will rise in all aging relatives.
developed countries.
• Japan is projected to have the oldest Life Expectancy vs Lifespan
population, with 40% of its population over 65
by 2050. Lifespan vs Life Expectancy:
Percentage of Population Aged 65+ (for selected • Lifespan: The maximum age a species can
countries): reach. For humans, it's between 120 and 125
• 2012: years.
o U.S. = 13.7%, Japan = 24%, Germany = • Life Expectancy: The average number of
20%, Italy = 20%, Canada = 16.5%, years individuals in a population live.
Russia = 13% o Global life expectancy (2019): 72
• 2030: years
o Women live longer than men globally:
o U.S. = 20.3%, Japan = 32.2%, Germany
Women = 74.2 years, Men = 69.8
= 27.9%, Italy = 25.5%, Canada = 25%,
years.
Russia = 20%
Global Life Expectancy:
• 2050:
• Life expectancy gaps:
o U.S. = 22%, Japan = 40%, Germany = o WHO African Region: 61.2 years
30%, Italy = 31%, Canada = 26.5%, o WHO European Region: 77.5 years
Russia = 26% • Life expectancy increased by 5.5 years from
Global Population Aged 65+: 2000 to 2016, thanks to improvements in
• There are currently 524 million people over 65 child survival and HIV treatment.
worldwide.
2|Hikamac chi
, LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT
• Low-income countries have a lower life
expectancy (62.7 years) compared to high- Gender Differences in Life
income countries (80.8 years). Expectancy
• CIA (2019): The U.S. ranks 45th in life Biological Explanations for Gender Differences
expectancy globally. in Life Expectancy:
Healthy Life Expectancy (HLE): • Chromosomal Differences:
• Healthy Life Expectancy: How many years a o Males have XY chromosomes, while
person is expected to live in full health,
females have XX chromosomes.
considering factors like mortality, morbidity,
o Males only express their X chromosome
and disability risks.
from their mother, while females can
• Global HLE (2016): 63.3 years (up from 58.5
years in 2000). "select" the better X chromosome from
• WHO African Region has the lowest HLE either parent, leading to greater genetic
(53.8 years), while the Western Pacific stability in females.
Region has the highest (68.9 years). • Developmental Biology:
Life Expectancy in the U.S.: o Females are the "default" sex, with male
• 2017 U.S. life expectancy: 78.6 years, development requiring additional steps
slightly decreased from previous years. at the molecular level, making males
• Life expectancy trends: more susceptible to developmental
o Males: Decreased from 76.2 years disorders.
(2016) to 76.1 years (2017). • Immune System:
o Females: Remained at 81.1 years. o Men are more prone to viral and
• The decline in life expectancy is linked to bacterial infections, and their immune
factors like drug overdoses, liver disease, system weakens faster with age.
and suicide rates. o Women experience slower deterioration
Life Expectancy by Ethnicity and Sex (U.S.):
of the immune system but are more
• Non-Hispanic white: 78.5 years (slight
prone to autoimmune diseases (e.g.,
decrease from 2016).
• Non-Hispanic black: 74.9 years (no change). rheumatoid arthritis).
• Hispanic: 81.8 years (no change). Hormonal Influences:
American Healthy Life Expectancy (HLE): • Estrogen (in women):
• For a 65-year-old in the U.S. (2007-2009 o Has protective effects on heart and
data): circulatory systems.
o Hawaii had the highest HLE: 16.2 o Antioxidant properties protect against
years of additional good health. free radicals, which contribute to aging.
o Mississippi had the lowest HLE: 10.8 • Testosterone (in men):
years of additional good health. o Linked to higher rates of cardiovascular
• Females generally have a greater HLE than and immune disorders.
males, and whites have a higher HLE than o Contributes to behavioral traits,
blacks in most states. including aggression and violence.
Obesity and Its Impact: Behavioral and Lifestyle Factors:
• Obesity rates in children have tripled since
• Judgment and Risky Behavior:
1980, with 20.5% of children (ages 2-19)
o The frontal lobe, which controls
obese in 2014 (up from 5% in 1980).
judgment, develops slower in males,
• Obesity is linked to health issues such as
high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and leading to riskier behavior (e.g.,
elevated cholesterol. smoking, excessive drinking, accidents,
• Childhood obesity is also associated with violence).
psychological issues (low self-esteem, • Dangerous Occupations:
depression) and earlier risks of obesity-related o Men are more likely to work in
diseases and premature death. hazardous jobs (e.g., police, firefighters,
Concerns About Future Life Expectancy: construction).
• The U.S. may see the first generation with a o Males account for 77% of homicides in
shorter life expectancy than their parents the U.S. (2014).
due to increasing rates of obesity and o Men are also more likely to die from
sedentary lifestyles. accidents, drunk driving, and violence.
• Suicide Rates:
3|Hikamac chi
• The number of individuals in late adulthood is
Coverage: increasing worldwide.
• The aging population is expected to grow in
• Late Adulthood
both the United States and globally in the
• Late Adulthood in America future.
• The "Graying" of the World • This shift will have significant social, economic,
• Life Expectancy vs Lifespan and healthcare implications.
• Gender Differences in Life Theories of Human Aging:
Expectancy • Several theories explore the biological,
• Age Categories in Late psychological, and social factors influencing
Adulthood aging.
• These theories help explain why and how
• Theories of Aging
individuals age differently.
• Physical Changes of Aging Changes in Late Adulthood:
• Sensory Changes in Late • Physical Changes: Decrease in strength,
Adulthood mobility, and sensory abilities.
• Nutrition • Cognitive Changes: Some cognitive abilities
• Chronic Conditions may decline, but others, like wisdom and
• Brain Functioning knowledge, can improve.
• Socioemotional Changes: Adjustments in
• Sleep
relationships, social roles, and emotional well-
• Sexuality being are common.
• How Does Aging Affect Diversity in Late Adulthood:
Information Processing? • Not all individuals experience aging the same
• Memory way.
• Attention and Problem Solving • There is considerable diversity in physical,
• Intelligence and Wisdom cognitive, and emotional aging.
Ageism and Myths:
• Neurocognitive Disorders
• Ageism: Prejudice or discrimination against
• Work, Retirement, and Leisure older adults.
• Ageism • Myths: Many stereotypes and false beliefs exist
• Living Arrangements about aging, such as the idea that older adults
• Erikson: Integrity vs. Despair are universally frail or mentally impaired.
• Generativity in Late Adulthood
• Social Networks in Late Late Adulthood in America
Adulthood Fastest Growing Age Group:
• Late Adult Lifestyles • Late adulthood (ages 65 and above) is the
• Gay and Lesbian Elders fastest-growing age group in the U.S.
• Elder Abuse population.
• Currently, one in seven Americans is 65 years
• Substance Abuse and the or older.
Elderly Baby Boomers:
• Successful Aging • Baby boomers (born between 1946-1964)
began turning 65 in 2011.
• About 10,000 baby boomers reach 65 every
day.
Late Adulthood Projected Growth:
• By 2050, nearly 1 in 4 Americans will be over
Definition of Late Adulthood: 65.
• Begins around mid-sixties and continues until • Older adults will live longer than previous
death. generations, with life expectancy increasing.
• This stage is the longest developmental period Life Expectancy Increase:
across the lifespan. • A person who turned 65 in 2015 can expect to
Growth in Numbers: live an additional 19 years.
1|Hikamac chi
, LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT
• This is 5.5 years longer than someone who • By 2050, this group will increase from 8% to
turned 65 in 1950. 16% of the global population.
"Graying of America": Increase in Older Populations:
• The growing aging population is referred to as • In less developed countries, the number of
the "Graying of America." older adults is expected to increase by over
• This trend is already affecting many areas, 250% between 2010 and 2050.
including: • In developed countries, the increase is
o Work
projected at 71%.
o Healthcare
• The increase in older populations is due to
o Housing
declines in fertility and improvements in
o Social Security
o Caregiving longevity.
o Adaptive technologies Fertility Rates:
Future Projections: • Fertility rates in developed countries dropped
• The U.S. Census Bureau projects an below replacement levels in the 1970s (below
increasing percentage of the population aged two live births per woman).
65+ by 2030. • In less developed countries, fertility also fell
• Table 9.1 (not provided here) shows the from six children per woman in 1950 to about
projected percentages for 2012, 2020, and two or three in 2005.
2030. U.S. vs China and India:
• While the U.S. will have a large older
The "Graying" of the World population, China and India will have even
larger elderly populations by 2050.
Global Aging Trends: • China's older population is expected to grow
• While the U.S. is aging, it is still younger than larger than the current total U.S. population
most developed countries. by 2050.
• Countries like Germany, Italy, and Japan had Caregiving Challenges:
over 20% of their populations aged 65 and over • In 2000, there were about 10 people aged 85+
in 2012. for every 100 people aged 50-64 (likely
• Japan had the highest percentage of elderly in caregivers for older adults).
2012, and it is expected to remain the oldest • By 2040, the number of elderly requiring
population through 2030 and 2050. support will more than double.
Projected Global Aging: • Families will need external physical,
• Between 2012 and 2050, the proportion of emotional, and financial support to care for
people aged 65 and over will rise in all aging relatives.
developed countries.
• Japan is projected to have the oldest Life Expectancy vs Lifespan
population, with 40% of its population over 65
by 2050. Lifespan vs Life Expectancy:
Percentage of Population Aged 65+ (for selected • Lifespan: The maximum age a species can
countries): reach. For humans, it's between 120 and 125
• 2012: years.
o U.S. = 13.7%, Japan = 24%, Germany = • Life Expectancy: The average number of
20%, Italy = 20%, Canada = 16.5%, years individuals in a population live.
Russia = 13% o Global life expectancy (2019): 72
• 2030: years
o Women live longer than men globally:
o U.S. = 20.3%, Japan = 32.2%, Germany
Women = 74.2 years, Men = 69.8
= 27.9%, Italy = 25.5%, Canada = 25%,
years.
Russia = 20%
Global Life Expectancy:
• 2050:
• Life expectancy gaps:
o U.S. = 22%, Japan = 40%, Germany = o WHO African Region: 61.2 years
30%, Italy = 31%, Canada = 26.5%, o WHO European Region: 77.5 years
Russia = 26% • Life expectancy increased by 5.5 years from
Global Population Aged 65+: 2000 to 2016, thanks to improvements in
• There are currently 524 million people over 65 child survival and HIV treatment.
worldwide.
2|Hikamac chi
, LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT
• Low-income countries have a lower life
expectancy (62.7 years) compared to high- Gender Differences in Life
income countries (80.8 years). Expectancy
• CIA (2019): The U.S. ranks 45th in life Biological Explanations for Gender Differences
expectancy globally. in Life Expectancy:
Healthy Life Expectancy (HLE): • Chromosomal Differences:
• Healthy Life Expectancy: How many years a o Males have XY chromosomes, while
person is expected to live in full health,
females have XX chromosomes.
considering factors like mortality, morbidity,
o Males only express their X chromosome
and disability risks.
from their mother, while females can
• Global HLE (2016): 63.3 years (up from 58.5
years in 2000). "select" the better X chromosome from
• WHO African Region has the lowest HLE either parent, leading to greater genetic
(53.8 years), while the Western Pacific stability in females.
Region has the highest (68.9 years). • Developmental Biology:
Life Expectancy in the U.S.: o Females are the "default" sex, with male
• 2017 U.S. life expectancy: 78.6 years, development requiring additional steps
slightly decreased from previous years. at the molecular level, making males
• Life expectancy trends: more susceptible to developmental
o Males: Decreased from 76.2 years disorders.
(2016) to 76.1 years (2017). • Immune System:
o Females: Remained at 81.1 years. o Men are more prone to viral and
• The decline in life expectancy is linked to bacterial infections, and their immune
factors like drug overdoses, liver disease, system weakens faster with age.
and suicide rates. o Women experience slower deterioration
Life Expectancy by Ethnicity and Sex (U.S.):
of the immune system but are more
• Non-Hispanic white: 78.5 years (slight
prone to autoimmune diseases (e.g.,
decrease from 2016).
• Non-Hispanic black: 74.9 years (no change). rheumatoid arthritis).
• Hispanic: 81.8 years (no change). Hormonal Influences:
American Healthy Life Expectancy (HLE): • Estrogen (in women):
• For a 65-year-old in the U.S. (2007-2009 o Has protective effects on heart and
data): circulatory systems.
o Hawaii had the highest HLE: 16.2 o Antioxidant properties protect against
years of additional good health. free radicals, which contribute to aging.
o Mississippi had the lowest HLE: 10.8 • Testosterone (in men):
years of additional good health. o Linked to higher rates of cardiovascular
• Females generally have a greater HLE than and immune disorders.
males, and whites have a higher HLE than o Contributes to behavioral traits,
blacks in most states. including aggression and violence.
Obesity and Its Impact: Behavioral and Lifestyle Factors:
• Obesity rates in children have tripled since
• Judgment and Risky Behavior:
1980, with 20.5% of children (ages 2-19)
o The frontal lobe, which controls
obese in 2014 (up from 5% in 1980).
judgment, develops slower in males,
• Obesity is linked to health issues such as
high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and leading to riskier behavior (e.g.,
elevated cholesterol. smoking, excessive drinking, accidents,
• Childhood obesity is also associated with violence).
psychological issues (low self-esteem, • Dangerous Occupations:
depression) and earlier risks of obesity-related o Men are more likely to work in
diseases and premature death. hazardous jobs (e.g., police, firefighters,
Concerns About Future Life Expectancy: construction).
• The U.S. may see the first generation with a o Males account for 77% of homicides in
shorter life expectancy than their parents the U.S. (2014).
due to increasing rates of obesity and o Men are also more likely to die from
sedentary lifestyles. accidents, drunk driving, and violence.
• Suicide Rates:
3|Hikamac chi
