ACVREP O&M Exam Study
1. Affordance: To gauge the difficulty of an environment by its features— is a hill too steep, gravel too rough to cross the area
2. Environmental flow: Perception while moving through an area
3. sensory substitution: A process by which information from a damaged sensory channel is replaced by information
entering via other sensory channels.
4. perceptual learning: learning to recognize a particular stimulus.
5. Unskilled perceptual learning: Must concentrate to focus, notice both relevant and irrelevant, near features only
6. Skilled perceptual learning: Becomes more automatic, can multitask, focus on relevant features, able to focus on distant
features
7. motor learning: Acquisition of patterns of motor control, through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent
change in the capacity to produce skilled movements.
8. Perceptual-motor coordination: Coordinating motor actions with perceptions of thing in the environment —ascending
stairs
9. procedural knowledge: Knowledge of how to do something, such as riding a bike, finding a curb
10. Episodic knowledge: memory for places or events, episodes of experience
11. Conceptual/Semantic Knowledge: Knowledge of patterns. Provides the ability to deal with new situations without
starting from scratch—street-curb-grass-sidewalk-grass relationships, house/office numbering patterns, etc
12. Inter-sensory integration: Dominance model, equal-weighting model, probabilistic model
13. Perceptual Errors: Localization error & detection error
14. Localization errors: Inability to locate something relative to oneself
15. Main Processes for crossing a street: Alignment, initiating crossing, maintaining a straight heading
16. path integration: Using information about self-movement & things encountered on the way to keep to your route
17. Real & imagined spatial frameworks: Mental mapping
18. Allocentric frame of reference: Relating the location of objects/places to one another
19. topocentric information: Information about the locations of landmarks/features
20. Polarcentric information: Using cardinal directions
21. Cartographic information: Locations of places/features as they relate to a pattern such as a grid, numbering, labelling,
etc
22. landmark: A feature in the environment that is permanent —can be a sound, smell, tactile or visual
23 Primary Landmark: Always present in the environment and would be difficult to miss as one travels along a path.
, ACVREP O&M Exam Study
.
24. secondary landmark: This landmark is always present, but could be missed
25. Information points/cues: A feature that is not unique, but could be used in combination with other cues/landmarks to
confirm position
26. 1940s: Formal instruction in long cane began
27. 1960s: O&M began considering techniques specifically suited for low vision. From the 40s to 60s, techniques for the fully-
blinded were sued with people who had low vision.
28. 1971: First low vision O&M conference, held in San Fran.
29. 1972: First low vision course for O&M at Western Michigan University.
30. 4 Functional Low Vision Mobility Problems: Managing light, detecting changes in terrain/elevation, unwanted
contact with obstacles, negotiating street crossings
31. Differences between restricted field & acuity: Reduced field = more trouble with lighting, miss detail/activity in
periphery
Reduced acuity = lack of detail,
32. 4 Types of Magnification: Size magnification, distance magnification, angular magnification (lenses), electro-optic
magnification
33. Auditory Perception includes: Awareness, recognition, discrimination, figure-ground perception, sound localization,
closure & perceptual constancy
34. 3 Characteristics of sound: Intensity, frequency & phase
35. Intensity: Loudness, decibels
36. Frequency: Pitch, in hertz
37. phase: The wave
38. sound reflection: Sound bounces, Hard surfaces reflect more sound
39. Absorption: Sound is dissipated, soft surfaces reduce sound
40. Sound Diffraction: Scattering of sound energy
41. Sound refraction: Sound changes direction or speed, change can be by wind, rain etc
42. outer ear: pinna and auditory canal
43. middle ear: the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that
concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window
44. inner ear and central auditory pathologies: 2 systems, hearing & balance.
Cochlea & auditory nerve to auditory cortex
45. Conductive hearing loss: Originates in outer or middle ear. Poorer hearing at lower frequencies, generally equal across
frequencies, may be better in loud environments
1. Affordance: To gauge the difficulty of an environment by its features— is a hill too steep, gravel too rough to cross the area
2. Environmental flow: Perception while moving through an area
3. sensory substitution: A process by which information from a damaged sensory channel is replaced by information
entering via other sensory channels.
4. perceptual learning: learning to recognize a particular stimulus.
5. Unskilled perceptual learning: Must concentrate to focus, notice both relevant and irrelevant, near features only
6. Skilled perceptual learning: Becomes more automatic, can multitask, focus on relevant features, able to focus on distant
features
7. motor learning: Acquisition of patterns of motor control, through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent
change in the capacity to produce skilled movements.
8. Perceptual-motor coordination: Coordinating motor actions with perceptions of thing in the environment —ascending
stairs
9. procedural knowledge: Knowledge of how to do something, such as riding a bike, finding a curb
10. Episodic knowledge: memory for places or events, episodes of experience
11. Conceptual/Semantic Knowledge: Knowledge of patterns. Provides the ability to deal with new situations without
starting from scratch—street-curb-grass-sidewalk-grass relationships, house/office numbering patterns, etc
12. Inter-sensory integration: Dominance model, equal-weighting model, probabilistic model
13. Perceptual Errors: Localization error & detection error
14. Localization errors: Inability to locate something relative to oneself
15. Main Processes for crossing a street: Alignment, initiating crossing, maintaining a straight heading
16. path integration: Using information about self-movement & things encountered on the way to keep to your route
17. Real & imagined spatial frameworks: Mental mapping
18. Allocentric frame of reference: Relating the location of objects/places to one another
19. topocentric information: Information about the locations of landmarks/features
20. Polarcentric information: Using cardinal directions
21. Cartographic information: Locations of places/features as they relate to a pattern such as a grid, numbering, labelling,
etc
22. landmark: A feature in the environment that is permanent —can be a sound, smell, tactile or visual
23 Primary Landmark: Always present in the environment and would be difficult to miss as one travels along a path.
, ACVREP O&M Exam Study
.
24. secondary landmark: This landmark is always present, but could be missed
25. Information points/cues: A feature that is not unique, but could be used in combination with other cues/landmarks to
confirm position
26. 1940s: Formal instruction in long cane began
27. 1960s: O&M began considering techniques specifically suited for low vision. From the 40s to 60s, techniques for the fully-
blinded were sued with people who had low vision.
28. 1971: First low vision O&M conference, held in San Fran.
29. 1972: First low vision course for O&M at Western Michigan University.
30. 4 Functional Low Vision Mobility Problems: Managing light, detecting changes in terrain/elevation, unwanted
contact with obstacles, negotiating street crossings
31. Differences between restricted field & acuity: Reduced field = more trouble with lighting, miss detail/activity in
periphery
Reduced acuity = lack of detail,
32. 4 Types of Magnification: Size magnification, distance magnification, angular magnification (lenses), electro-optic
magnification
33. Auditory Perception includes: Awareness, recognition, discrimination, figure-ground perception, sound localization,
closure & perceptual constancy
34. 3 Characteristics of sound: Intensity, frequency & phase
35. Intensity: Loudness, decibels
36. Frequency: Pitch, in hertz
37. phase: The wave
38. sound reflection: Sound bounces, Hard surfaces reflect more sound
39. Absorption: Sound is dissipated, soft surfaces reduce sound
40. Sound Diffraction: Scattering of sound energy
41. Sound refraction: Sound changes direction or speed, change can be by wind, rain etc
42. outer ear: pinna and auditory canal
43. middle ear: the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that
concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window
44. inner ear and central auditory pathologies: 2 systems, hearing & balance.
Cochlea & auditory nerve to auditory cortex
45. Conductive hearing loss: Originates in outer or middle ear. Poorer hearing at lower frequencies, generally equal across
frequencies, may be better in loud environments
