m
Copyrightm©m2021mJohnmWiley m&mSonsmCanada,mLtd.mUnauthorizedmcopying,mdistribution,mo
rmtransmissionmof mthismpagemismprohibitedm
CHAPTERm1m
m
PSYCHOLOGY:mYESTERDAY mANDmTODAY m
m
CHAPTERmLEARNINGmOBJECTIVESm
m
m
1.mDefinempsychology mandmdescribemthemgoalsmandmlevelsmof manalysismpsychologistsmuse.m
•m
Psychology mismthemstudy mof mmentalmprocessesmandmbehaviour.m
•m
Themgoalsmofmpsychology maremtomdescribe,mexplain,mpredict,mandmcontrolmbehaviourmandmme
ntalm
processes.mPsychologistsmvary minmthemdegreemtomwhichmthey mfocusmonmsomemofmthesemgoalsm
moremthanmothers.m
•m
Themstudy mof mpsychologymmustmoccurmatmmultiplemlevels,mincludingmthemlevelmofmthembrainm(
them
biologicalmactivity massociatedmwithmmentalmprocessesmandmbehaviour),mthemlevelmofmthemper
sonm
(themcontentmof mmentalmprocesses),mandmthemlevelmof mthemgroupm(socialminfluencesmonm
behaviour).m
m
m
2.mDescribemtheminfluencesmof mearly mmythsmandmancientmGreekmphilosophiesmonmpsychology
.m
•m
Early mexplanationsmof mhumanmbehaviourmweremrootedminmsuperstitionmandmmagic.m
•m
Later,mphilosophers,mbeginningmwithmthemancientmGreeks,mtriedmtomdevelopmmoremobjectivem
theoriesmof mhumanmconsciousnessmandmreality.m
•m
Themworkmof msuchmearly mphilosophersmasmHippocrates,mSocrates,mPlato,mandmAristotlem
contributedmtomthemlatermformationmof mpsychology masmamnaturalmscience.m
m
m
3.mNamemimportantmearly mpsychologistsmandmdescribemtheirmmajormtheoriesmandmresearchm
methods.m
•m
Themdevelopmentmofmpsychology mhasmbeenmstrongly minfluencedmby mshiftsminmthemsocialm
environmentmandmdevelopmentmof mnewmtechnology.m
•m
Themfirstmpsychology mlaboratory mwasmfoundedminmLeipzig,mGermany,mby mphysiologistmWilhe
lm m
Wundt.mWundtmwasminterestedminmhumanmconsciousnessmandmwill,mwhichmhemstudiedmthrou
,ghm
small,mstructuredmactivitiesmthatmcouldmbemeasily mwatchedmandmreplicated.m
•m
Structuralism,mamschoolmof mthoughtmdevelopedmby monemof mWundt’smstudents,mreliedmuponmt
hem
usemof mintrospection,mthemcarefulmobservationmof mhumanmperception.mThemgoalmofmthem
structuralistsmwasmtomfindmthemsmallestmbuildingmblocksmof mconsciousness.m
•m
William mJamesmestablishedmthemfirstmpsychologymlaboratoryminmthemUnitedmStatesmatmHarvar
d.m
Hemhelpedmshiftmthemfield’smfocusmtomthemfunctionsmofmmentalmeventsmandmbehaviours,mformi
ngmam
schoolmof mthoughtmknownmasmfunctionalism.m
•m
Gestaltmpsychologistsmstudiedmhumanmtendenciesmtomperceivempatternmrathermthanmdividing
m
consciousnessmintomitsmsmallestmparts.mThey mfocusedmonmputtingmtogethermthem“parts,”morm
individualmsensations,mtomcreatemam“whole”mormperceptionmthatmwentmbeyondmthemsum mof mt
hem
parts.m
m
m
4.mSummarizemthemmajormprinciplesmof mthempsychoanalytical,mbehaviourist,mhumanistic,m
cognitive,mandmneurosciencemapproachesmtompsychology.m
•m
Overmthemyears,mdifferentmfieldsmofmpsychologymemerged,mwithmdifferentmideasmaboutmwhatm
wasm
themappropriatemareamof mstudy mformhumanmpsychology.mSomemofmthemmostminfluentialmfields
m
DOWNLOADmTHEmTestmBankmformPsychology mAroundmUsm4thmEditionmOgden
nursytestbank.store
m
m
m
m
m
m
Psychology:mYesterday mandmToday m
mmmm1m-m2m
m
Copyrightm©m2021mJohnmWiley m&mSonsmCanada,mLtd.mUnauthorizedmcopying,mdistribution,mo
rmtransmissionmof mthismpagemismprohibitedm
weremthempsychoanalytic,mbehaviourist,mhumanistic,mcognitive,mandmneurosciencemschoolsmo
fm
thought.m
•m
SigmundmFreud’smpsychoanalyticalmtheory mfocusedmonmthemimportancemof munconsciousmme
ntalm
processes.m
,•m
Behaviouristsmbelievedmstrongly mthatmpsychology mshouldmrestrictmitsmfocusmtomthemcarefulms
tudy m
of mobservablembehaviours.m
•m
Humanistic mpsychologistsmreactedmagainstmthemmechanicalmportrayalsmofmpeoplemby mthem
behaviouristsmandmemphasizedmindividuals’mpotentialmformgrowthmandmself-actualization.m
•m
Cognitivempsychologistsmreignitedminterestminmthemstudy mof mmentalmprocesses,mcomparingmt
hem
workingsmofmthemmindmtomthemworkingsmof mcomputers.m
•m
Biologicalmscience,mincludingminterestminmthemworkingsmof mthembrainmandminmourmgeneticm
inheritance,mwasmthemmajorminfluencemonmneurosciencemapproaches.m
m
m
5.mDescribemthemthreemmajormbranchesmof mpsychology mandmsummarizemkey mtrendsminm
psychology.m
•m
Themtheoreticalmandmculturalmdiversity mof mthemfieldmof mpsychology mhasmincreasedmdramatica
lly m
overmrecentmyears.m
•m
Theremaremthreemkey mbranchesmof mpsychology:macademic,mapplied,mandmclinical/counselling.
m
•m
Acrossmthemthreembranchesmandmmanymspecialty mareasminmpsychology,mpsychologistsmarem
unitedmby mtheirmsharedmvalues.mPsychologistsmgenerally magreemthatmpsychology mismtheory-
driven,mempirical,mmulti-level,mandmcontextual.m
•m
Currently,mpsychology mappearsmtombemdevelopingmasmamscienceminmresponsemtomamgrowingm
diversity mthroughoutmthemfield,madvancesminmtechnologym(suchmasmbrainmscanning),mandmthe
m
developmentmof mnewmschoolsmsuchmasmpositivempsychology.m
m
m
DOWNLOADmTHEmTestmBankmformPsychology mAroundmUsm4thmEditionmOgden
nursytestbank.store
1m-m3m
TestmBankmformPsychology mAroundmUs,mFourthmCanadianmEditionm
m
Copyrightm©m2021mJohnmWiley m&mSonsmCanada,mLtd.mUnauthorizedmcopying,mdistribution,mo
rmtransmissionmof mthismpagemismprohibitedm
TRUE-FALSEmSTATEMENTSm
m
m
1.mMentalmprocessesmdescribemthemactivity mof mourmbrainsmwhenmwemaremengagedminmthinkin
g.m
m
, Answer:mTruem
m
Difficulty:mEasy m
Bloomcode:mKnowledgem
LearningmObjective:mDefinempsychology mandmdescribemthemgoalsmandmlevelsmof manalysism
psychologistsmuse.m
SectionmReference:mWhatmIsmPsychology?m
m
m
2.mThempersonmlevelmof manalysismmaymincludemhowmintelligencemormmotivationminfluencesmb
ehaviour.m
m
Answer:mTruem
m
Difficulty:mEasy m
Bloomcode:mKnowledgem
LearningmObjective:mDefinempsychology mandmdescribemthemgoalsmandmlevelsmof manalysism
psychologistsmuse.m
SectionmReference:mWhatmIsmPsychology?m
m
m
3.mThemhistory mof mpsychology m(andmmostmothermsciences)mdrewmheavily monmphilosophy.m
m
Answer:mTruem
m
Difficulty:mEasy m
Bloomcode:mKnowledgem
LearningmObjective:mDescribemtheminfluencesmof mearly mmythsmandmancientmGreekmphilosophi
esmonm
psychology.m
SectionmReference:mPsychology’smRootsminmPhilosophy m
m
m
4.mSocratesmbelievedmthatm“truth”mismanmobjectivemconceptmthatmismNOTmdependentmonmperc
eption.m
m
Answer:mFalsem
m
Difficulty:mEasy m
Bloomcode:mComprehensionm
LearningmObjective:mDescribemtheminfluencesmof mearly mmythsmandmancientmGreekmphilosophi
esmonm
psychology.m
SectionmReference:mPsychology’smRootsminmPhilosophy m
m
m
5.mDarwinmarguedmthatmdihybridmcrossingmwasmresponsiblemformthemcharacteristicsmthatmsur
viveminmam
population.m
m
DOWNLOADmTHEmTestmBankmformPsychology mAroundmUsm4thmEditionmOgden
nursytestbank.store
m
Copyrightm©m2021mJohnmWiley m&mSonsmCanada,mLtd.mUnauthorizedmcopying,mdistribution,mo
rmtransmissionmof mthismpagemismprohibitedm
CHAPTERm1m
m
PSYCHOLOGY:mYESTERDAY mANDmTODAY m
m
CHAPTERmLEARNINGmOBJECTIVESm
m
m
1.mDefinempsychology mandmdescribemthemgoalsmandmlevelsmof manalysismpsychologistsmuse.m
•m
Psychology mismthemstudy mof mmentalmprocessesmandmbehaviour.m
•m
Themgoalsmofmpsychology maremtomdescribe,mexplain,mpredict,mandmcontrolmbehaviourmandmme
ntalm
processes.mPsychologistsmvary minmthemdegreemtomwhichmthey mfocusmonmsomemofmthesemgoalsm
moremthanmothers.m
•m
Themstudy mof mpsychologymmustmoccurmatmmultiplemlevels,mincludingmthemlevelmofmthembrainm(
them
biologicalmactivity massociatedmwithmmentalmprocessesmandmbehaviour),mthemlevelmofmthemper
sonm
(themcontentmof mmentalmprocesses),mandmthemlevelmof mthemgroupm(socialminfluencesmonm
behaviour).m
m
m
2.mDescribemtheminfluencesmof mearly mmythsmandmancientmGreekmphilosophiesmonmpsychology
.m
•m
Early mexplanationsmof mhumanmbehaviourmweremrootedminmsuperstitionmandmmagic.m
•m
Later,mphilosophers,mbeginningmwithmthemancientmGreeks,mtriedmtomdevelopmmoremobjectivem
theoriesmof mhumanmconsciousnessmandmreality.m
•m
Themworkmof msuchmearly mphilosophersmasmHippocrates,mSocrates,mPlato,mandmAristotlem
contributedmtomthemlatermformationmof mpsychology masmamnaturalmscience.m
m
m
3.mNamemimportantmearly mpsychologistsmandmdescribemtheirmmajormtheoriesmandmresearchm
methods.m
•m
Themdevelopmentmofmpsychology mhasmbeenmstrongly minfluencedmby mshiftsminmthemsocialm
environmentmandmdevelopmentmof mnewmtechnology.m
•m
Themfirstmpsychology mlaboratory mwasmfoundedminmLeipzig,mGermany,mby mphysiologistmWilhe
lm m
Wundt.mWundtmwasminterestedminmhumanmconsciousnessmandmwill,mwhichmhemstudiedmthrou
,ghm
small,mstructuredmactivitiesmthatmcouldmbemeasily mwatchedmandmreplicated.m
•m
Structuralism,mamschoolmof mthoughtmdevelopedmby monemof mWundt’smstudents,mreliedmuponmt
hem
usemof mintrospection,mthemcarefulmobservationmof mhumanmperception.mThemgoalmofmthem
structuralistsmwasmtomfindmthemsmallestmbuildingmblocksmof mconsciousness.m
•m
William mJamesmestablishedmthemfirstmpsychologymlaboratoryminmthemUnitedmStatesmatmHarvar
d.m
Hemhelpedmshiftmthemfield’smfocusmtomthemfunctionsmofmmentalmeventsmandmbehaviours,mformi
ngmam
schoolmof mthoughtmknownmasmfunctionalism.m
•m
Gestaltmpsychologistsmstudiedmhumanmtendenciesmtomperceivempatternmrathermthanmdividing
m
consciousnessmintomitsmsmallestmparts.mThey mfocusedmonmputtingmtogethermthem“parts,”morm
individualmsensations,mtomcreatemam“whole”mormperceptionmthatmwentmbeyondmthemsum mof mt
hem
parts.m
m
m
4.mSummarizemthemmajormprinciplesmof mthempsychoanalytical,mbehaviourist,mhumanistic,m
cognitive,mandmneurosciencemapproachesmtompsychology.m
•m
Overmthemyears,mdifferentmfieldsmofmpsychologymemerged,mwithmdifferentmideasmaboutmwhatm
wasm
themappropriatemareamof mstudy mformhumanmpsychology.mSomemofmthemmostminfluentialmfields
m
DOWNLOADmTHEmTestmBankmformPsychology mAroundmUsm4thmEditionmOgden
nursytestbank.store
m
m
m
m
m
m
Psychology:mYesterday mandmToday m
mmmm1m-m2m
m
Copyrightm©m2021mJohnmWiley m&mSonsmCanada,mLtd.mUnauthorizedmcopying,mdistribution,mo
rmtransmissionmof mthismpagemismprohibitedm
weremthempsychoanalytic,mbehaviourist,mhumanistic,mcognitive,mandmneurosciencemschoolsmo
fm
thought.m
•m
SigmundmFreud’smpsychoanalyticalmtheory mfocusedmonmthemimportancemof munconsciousmme
ntalm
processes.m
,•m
Behaviouristsmbelievedmstrongly mthatmpsychology mshouldmrestrictmitsmfocusmtomthemcarefulms
tudy m
of mobservablembehaviours.m
•m
Humanistic mpsychologistsmreactedmagainstmthemmechanicalmportrayalsmofmpeoplemby mthem
behaviouristsmandmemphasizedmindividuals’mpotentialmformgrowthmandmself-actualization.m
•m
Cognitivempsychologistsmreignitedminterestminmthemstudy mof mmentalmprocesses,mcomparingmt
hem
workingsmofmthemmindmtomthemworkingsmof mcomputers.m
•m
Biologicalmscience,mincludingminterestminmthemworkingsmof mthembrainmandminmourmgeneticm
inheritance,mwasmthemmajorminfluencemonmneurosciencemapproaches.m
m
m
5.mDescribemthemthreemmajormbranchesmof mpsychology mandmsummarizemkey mtrendsminm
psychology.m
•m
Themtheoreticalmandmculturalmdiversity mof mthemfieldmof mpsychology mhasmincreasedmdramatica
lly m
overmrecentmyears.m
•m
Theremaremthreemkey mbranchesmof mpsychology:macademic,mapplied,mandmclinical/counselling.
m
•m
Acrossmthemthreembranchesmandmmanymspecialty mareasminmpsychology,mpsychologistsmarem
unitedmby mtheirmsharedmvalues.mPsychologistsmgenerally magreemthatmpsychology mismtheory-
driven,mempirical,mmulti-level,mandmcontextual.m
•m
Currently,mpsychology mappearsmtombemdevelopingmasmamscienceminmresponsemtomamgrowingm
diversity mthroughoutmthemfield,madvancesminmtechnologym(suchmasmbrainmscanning),mandmthe
m
developmentmof mnewmschoolsmsuchmasmpositivempsychology.m
m
m
DOWNLOADmTHEmTestmBankmformPsychology mAroundmUsm4thmEditionmOgden
nursytestbank.store
1m-m3m
TestmBankmformPsychology mAroundmUs,mFourthmCanadianmEditionm
m
Copyrightm©m2021mJohnmWiley m&mSonsmCanada,mLtd.mUnauthorizedmcopying,mdistribution,mo
rmtransmissionmof mthismpagemismprohibitedm
TRUE-FALSEmSTATEMENTSm
m
m
1.mMentalmprocessesmdescribemthemactivity mof mourmbrainsmwhenmwemaremengagedminmthinkin
g.m
m
, Answer:mTruem
m
Difficulty:mEasy m
Bloomcode:mKnowledgem
LearningmObjective:mDefinempsychology mandmdescribemthemgoalsmandmlevelsmof manalysism
psychologistsmuse.m
SectionmReference:mWhatmIsmPsychology?m
m
m
2.mThempersonmlevelmof manalysismmaymincludemhowmintelligencemormmotivationminfluencesmb
ehaviour.m
m
Answer:mTruem
m
Difficulty:mEasy m
Bloomcode:mKnowledgem
LearningmObjective:mDefinempsychology mandmdescribemthemgoalsmandmlevelsmof manalysism
psychologistsmuse.m
SectionmReference:mWhatmIsmPsychology?m
m
m
3.mThemhistory mof mpsychology m(andmmostmothermsciences)mdrewmheavily monmphilosophy.m
m
Answer:mTruem
m
Difficulty:mEasy m
Bloomcode:mKnowledgem
LearningmObjective:mDescribemtheminfluencesmof mearly mmythsmandmancientmGreekmphilosophi
esmonm
psychology.m
SectionmReference:mPsychology’smRootsminmPhilosophy m
m
m
4.mSocratesmbelievedmthatm“truth”mismanmobjectivemconceptmthatmismNOTmdependentmonmperc
eption.m
m
Answer:mFalsem
m
Difficulty:mEasy m
Bloomcode:mComprehensionm
LearningmObjective:mDescribemtheminfluencesmof mearly mmythsmandmancientmGreekmphilosophi
esmonm
psychology.m
SectionmReference:mPsychology’smRootsminmPhilosophy m
m
m
5.mDarwinmarguedmthatmdihybridmcrossingmwasmresponsiblemformthemcharacteristicsmthatmsur
viveminmam
population.m
m
DOWNLOADmTHEmTestmBankmformPsychology mAroundmUsm4thmEditionmOgden
nursytestbank.store
m
