BLD 430 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED GRADED A++
Male
Square
Female
Circle
Dizygotic twins on pedigree
Monozygotic twins on pedigree
Sex unspecified on pedigree
Diamond
Affected individual
Filled in shape
Heterozygous for autosomal trait on pedigree
Carrier of sex-linked recessive trait
Abortion/still birth/miscarriage (sex unspecified) pedigree
Proband on pedigree
First person diagnosed
Consanguinous marriage
Marriage of people who share ancestry
Independent assortment
,Characteristics are inherited independently
Traits have equal opportunities to be inherited together
When does crossing over occur?
Meiosis
Conjugation
A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer.
Sex pilus
Transduction
Genes from host cell incorporated into bacteriophage --> injected into recipient cell -->
incorporated into recipient's DNA
Transformation
Recipient cell engulfs and incorporates DNA debris from dead bacteria into its genome
Linkage
Genes inherited together - loci are very close together (less likely to cross over and
separate)
1% cross over = 1 centimorgan (unit for measuring genetic linkage)
Linked alleles are <50% recombinant (located very close together)
Haplotype
,A group of alleles of different genes on a single chromosome
Linked (located close enough on chromosome) --> inherited as a unit FROM ONE
PARENT
Linkage disequilibrium
When a pair of alleles from two loci are inherited together in the same gamete more/less
often than random chance would expect
1 allele has 10% presence
Another allele has 50% presence
Likelihood of linkage ~ 5%
Actual presence of both together = 9% = linkage disequilibrium
LOD score
Logarithm of odds: estimates whether two loci are likely to be inherited together
3.0+ = linkage (1000:1 odds)
<-2.0 = significant evidence against genetic linkage
Between -2.0 and 3.0 are inconclusive
Calculation: log(likelihood of linkage / likelihood of no linkage)
, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
1. no mutations
2. infinitely large population
3. random mating
4. no migration (no gene flow)
5. no natural selection
Heterochromatin
Highly condensed chromatin
Intense stain
Found in less active cells - less able to be transcribed/translated due to genetic info
being inaccessible
Inactive: more methylation than acetylation
Euchromatin
Loosely packed chromatin
Weak stain
In more active cells - DNA can be transcribed/translated more easily because easier
access to genetic info
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED GRADED A++
Male
Square
Female
Circle
Dizygotic twins on pedigree
Monozygotic twins on pedigree
Sex unspecified on pedigree
Diamond
Affected individual
Filled in shape
Heterozygous for autosomal trait on pedigree
Carrier of sex-linked recessive trait
Abortion/still birth/miscarriage (sex unspecified) pedigree
Proband on pedigree
First person diagnosed
Consanguinous marriage
Marriage of people who share ancestry
Independent assortment
,Characteristics are inherited independently
Traits have equal opportunities to be inherited together
When does crossing over occur?
Meiosis
Conjugation
A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer.
Sex pilus
Transduction
Genes from host cell incorporated into bacteriophage --> injected into recipient cell -->
incorporated into recipient's DNA
Transformation
Recipient cell engulfs and incorporates DNA debris from dead bacteria into its genome
Linkage
Genes inherited together - loci are very close together (less likely to cross over and
separate)
1% cross over = 1 centimorgan (unit for measuring genetic linkage)
Linked alleles are <50% recombinant (located very close together)
Haplotype
,A group of alleles of different genes on a single chromosome
Linked (located close enough on chromosome) --> inherited as a unit FROM ONE
PARENT
Linkage disequilibrium
When a pair of alleles from two loci are inherited together in the same gamete more/less
often than random chance would expect
1 allele has 10% presence
Another allele has 50% presence
Likelihood of linkage ~ 5%
Actual presence of both together = 9% = linkage disequilibrium
LOD score
Logarithm of odds: estimates whether two loci are likely to be inherited together
3.0+ = linkage (1000:1 odds)
<-2.0 = significant evidence against genetic linkage
Between -2.0 and 3.0 are inconclusive
Calculation: log(likelihood of linkage / likelihood of no linkage)
, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
1. no mutations
2. infinitely large population
3. random mating
4. no migration (no gene flow)
5. no natural selection
Heterochromatin
Highly condensed chromatin
Intense stain
Found in less active cells - less able to be transcribed/translated due to genetic info
being inaccessible
Inactive: more methylation than acetylation
Euchromatin
Loosely packed chromatin
Weak stain
In more active cells - DNA can be transcribed/translated more easily because easier
access to genetic info
