March 25
NRSG265 Exam Complete Questions and Correct Detailed
Answers (Verified Answers)
Cause of T1DM
Ans: results from beta cell destruction leading to severe or absolute insulin
deficiency and chronic hyperglycaemia
2 types:
Idiopathic -beta cell destruction in the absence of autoimmune response
Non-immune mediated diabetes -secondary to other conditions -pancreatitis
Pathophysiology T1DM
Ans: Destruction of beta cells leads to very little/ no insulin production
GLUT-4s are not activated and glucose cannot be taken up by cells
Glucose continues to be released by liver - insulin is not available to regulate this
release. Increased production of glucagon --> continued glucose not being taken up
by the cells --> hyperglycaemia
T1DM Clinical Manifestations
Ans: The 3 P's (polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia), fatigue, weight loss, N & V
abdominal pain, confusion, weakness, tachycardia, ketonic breath, tachycardia,
tachypnoea, metabolic acidosis, seizures, coma
T1DM acute complications
pg. 1
, March 25
Ans: hypoglycaemia, DKA
T1DM management
Ans: Insulin, BGL monitoring, meal planning, annual health checks, exercise plan
T2DM causes
Ans: caused by insulin resistance at target tissues and a relative insulin deficiency
T2DM risk factors
Ans: genetic factors and family history, overweight and obese, hx of gestational
diabetes
T2DM pathophysiology
Ans: Decreased beta cell responsiveness to increased glucose levels, decreased
insulin production, increased insulin resistance at the cell (reduction in number of
binding sites, decreased in the amount of insulin biding to the receptors)
T2DM signs and symptoms
Ans: 3 P's (polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia), fatigues, hyperglycaemia, repeated
infections, poor wound healing, blurred vision, weight changes
T2DM acute complications
pg. 2
, March 25
Ans: Hyperglycaemia, HHS
T2DM management
Ans: Healthy diet, Exercise, close BGL monitoring, possible need for oral
hypoglycaemic agents, insulin
Biguanides (Metformin)
Ans: Decreased hepatic release of glucose, decreases intestinal absorption of
glucose, improves insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral uptake of glucose -->
reduced BGL
Sulphonylureas (gliceride)
Ans: stimulates insulin secretion from the beta cells --> hypoglycaemia
T1DM pathophysiology
Ans: genetic predisposition
immune response against beta cells
beta cell destructions
lack of insulin
GLUT-4s are not activated
glucose unable to be taken up
Hyperglycaemia
pg. 3
, March 25
interventions for DKA and HHS
Ans: Fluid resus, reverse hyperglycaemia, correct acid base & electrolyte balance,
cardiac monitoring, 1/24 obs
Recurrent infections with diabetes causes
Ans: Neuropathy, impaired vision, high glucose environment
HbA1C
Ans: assess long term control of diabetes, forms irreversibly from glucose and
haemoglobin
measures the average blood glucose throughout the life span
Coronary heart disease/coronary artery disease (CAD)
Ans: Blood vessel disorder that is included in the general category of atherosclerosis
can be asymptomatic or develop as chronic/stable angina
Myocardial Ischaemia
Ans: imbalance between oxygen supply and demand. Vasoconstriction
(atherosclerosis is a common cause) --> anaerobic respiration forms lactic acid -->
cells viable for 20mins --> cell death --> inflammation, granulation tissue formation
and scarring --> Thrombus
Manifestations of MI
pg. 4
NRSG265 Exam Complete Questions and Correct Detailed
Answers (Verified Answers)
Cause of T1DM
Ans: results from beta cell destruction leading to severe or absolute insulin
deficiency and chronic hyperglycaemia
2 types:
Idiopathic -beta cell destruction in the absence of autoimmune response
Non-immune mediated diabetes -secondary to other conditions -pancreatitis
Pathophysiology T1DM
Ans: Destruction of beta cells leads to very little/ no insulin production
GLUT-4s are not activated and glucose cannot be taken up by cells
Glucose continues to be released by liver - insulin is not available to regulate this
release. Increased production of glucagon --> continued glucose not being taken up
by the cells --> hyperglycaemia
T1DM Clinical Manifestations
Ans: The 3 P's (polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia), fatigue, weight loss, N & V
abdominal pain, confusion, weakness, tachycardia, ketonic breath, tachycardia,
tachypnoea, metabolic acidosis, seizures, coma
T1DM acute complications
pg. 1
, March 25
Ans: hypoglycaemia, DKA
T1DM management
Ans: Insulin, BGL monitoring, meal planning, annual health checks, exercise plan
T2DM causes
Ans: caused by insulin resistance at target tissues and a relative insulin deficiency
T2DM risk factors
Ans: genetic factors and family history, overweight and obese, hx of gestational
diabetes
T2DM pathophysiology
Ans: Decreased beta cell responsiveness to increased glucose levels, decreased
insulin production, increased insulin resistance at the cell (reduction in number of
binding sites, decreased in the amount of insulin biding to the receptors)
T2DM signs and symptoms
Ans: 3 P's (polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia), fatigues, hyperglycaemia, repeated
infections, poor wound healing, blurred vision, weight changes
T2DM acute complications
pg. 2
, March 25
Ans: Hyperglycaemia, HHS
T2DM management
Ans: Healthy diet, Exercise, close BGL monitoring, possible need for oral
hypoglycaemic agents, insulin
Biguanides (Metformin)
Ans: Decreased hepatic release of glucose, decreases intestinal absorption of
glucose, improves insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral uptake of glucose -->
reduced BGL
Sulphonylureas (gliceride)
Ans: stimulates insulin secretion from the beta cells --> hypoglycaemia
T1DM pathophysiology
Ans: genetic predisposition
immune response against beta cells
beta cell destructions
lack of insulin
GLUT-4s are not activated
glucose unable to be taken up
Hyperglycaemia
pg. 3
, March 25
interventions for DKA and HHS
Ans: Fluid resus, reverse hyperglycaemia, correct acid base & electrolyte balance,
cardiac monitoring, 1/24 obs
Recurrent infections with diabetes causes
Ans: Neuropathy, impaired vision, high glucose environment
HbA1C
Ans: assess long term control of diabetes, forms irreversibly from glucose and
haemoglobin
measures the average blood glucose throughout the life span
Coronary heart disease/coronary artery disease (CAD)
Ans: Blood vessel disorder that is included in the general category of atherosclerosis
can be asymptomatic or develop as chronic/stable angina
Myocardial Ischaemia
Ans: imbalance between oxygen supply and demand. Vasoconstriction
(atherosclerosis is a common cause) --> anaerobic respiration forms lactic acid -->
cells viable for 20mins --> cell death --> inflammation, granulation tissue formation
and scarring --> Thrombus
Manifestations of MI
pg. 4
