PSYS 130 - Final Exam Questions and Answers
100% Solved
Chapter 11: Women on Phone Study ✔️✔️-Young men told they're talking to an attractive or
non-attractive woman (but either way it's the same woman)
-"Attractive": men talked more, rated the woman more warmly
-"Non-attractive": men were less engaging
-Study done with reversed roles: SAME results
Equity Theory ✔️✔️-The idea that people are happiest with relationships in which the rewards
and costs experienced by both parties are roughly equal
-BOTH under-benefited and over-benefited partners feel uneasy
-Under-benefited partners feel under appreciated
Over-benefited partners feel uneasy if they're getting more than they deserve
Exchange Relationships ✔️✔️-Relationships governed by the need for equity (i.e. for an equal
ratio of rewards and costs)
-Ex: relationships between new acquaintances
Communal Relationships ✔️✔️-Relationship's in which people's primary concern is being
responsive to the other person's needs
-Less governed by an equity norm and more by a desire to help each other as needed
-Ex: Longer-term interactions between close friends, family members, and romantic partners
Chapter SPA-1: Sustainability ✔️✔️The ability to meet the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
,Components of Sustainability ✔️✔️1) Environmental: ability to maintain rates of renewable
resource harvest, pollution creation, and non-renewable resource depletion that can be
continued indefinitely
2) Economic: ability to support a defined level of economic production indefinitely
3) Social: ability of a social system to function at a defined level of social wellbeing indefinitely
Social Dilemma ✔️✔️A conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen
by most people, have harmful effects on everyone
Trash Vortexes ✔️✔️-An area the size of Texas in the North Pacific that swirls slowly around like a
clock
-Filled with plastics, debris, and dead marine life
-Atlantic and Indian Oceans also have trash vortexes
Injunctive and Descriptive Norms ✔️✔️1) Injunctive Norms: people's perceptions of what
behaviors are approved or disapproved by others
2) Descriptive Norms: people's perceptions of how people actually behave
Challenges to Increasing Sustainable Behaviors ✔️✔️1) Adhering to one positive injunctive norm
may lead to "licensing effects" (i.e. "green" products)
2) Injunctive norms may not exist for particular behaviors
3) People often overestimate the strength of perceived injunctive norms
Infomercial Example ✔️✔️
Littering Study Example ✔️✔️-Tested the hypothesis that a single piece of trash, sticking out like
a sore thumb, would cause less people to litter rather than a totally clean environment
-Three groups: people who saw one piece of litter on the floor (a watermelon rind), people who
saw that no one littered, and people who saw several pieces of litter (watermelon as well as
dozens of discarded handbills)
, -People who saw one piece of trash were least likely to litter
-Highest % of littering occurred when the floor was littered (i.e. no descriptive norm against
littering)
Wasting Gallons Example ✔️✔️-Compared 2 communities during a severe drought
-Houses in one community were equipped wot water meters that allowed residents to monitor
how much water they were consuming
-When people felt that the water shortage was severe, those in metered houses consumed less
water than those in unmetered houses
AC Consumption Example ✔️✔️
Boomerang Effects ✔️✔️The unintended consequences of an attempt to persuade resulting in
the adoption of the undesirable behavior instead
-i.e. attempt to get people to stop littering actually increases the amount of litter in an area
Licensing Effects ✔️✔️-Subconscious phenomenon whereby increased confidence in one's self-
image tends to make that individual worry less about the consequences of subsequent immoral
behavior
-i.e. buying a green product and then wasting water
Buy Green Products Example ✔️✔️-Mere exposure to green products can have a positive societal
effect by inducing prosocial behaviors
-BUT purchasing green products is likely to lead to licensing effects
Keeping Track of Consumption ✔️✔️-Simply keeping track of one's behavior is the first step to
changing it
-Ex: Students asked to keep track of the number of miles they avoided driving and to record
that figure. Students who kept track of the miles they saved drove their cars less than did
students who didn't keep track of the miles they saved
100% Solved
Chapter 11: Women on Phone Study ✔️✔️-Young men told they're talking to an attractive or
non-attractive woman (but either way it's the same woman)
-"Attractive": men talked more, rated the woman more warmly
-"Non-attractive": men were less engaging
-Study done with reversed roles: SAME results
Equity Theory ✔️✔️-The idea that people are happiest with relationships in which the rewards
and costs experienced by both parties are roughly equal
-BOTH under-benefited and over-benefited partners feel uneasy
-Under-benefited partners feel under appreciated
Over-benefited partners feel uneasy if they're getting more than they deserve
Exchange Relationships ✔️✔️-Relationships governed by the need for equity (i.e. for an equal
ratio of rewards and costs)
-Ex: relationships between new acquaintances
Communal Relationships ✔️✔️-Relationship's in which people's primary concern is being
responsive to the other person's needs
-Less governed by an equity norm and more by a desire to help each other as needed
-Ex: Longer-term interactions between close friends, family members, and romantic partners
Chapter SPA-1: Sustainability ✔️✔️The ability to meet the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
,Components of Sustainability ✔️✔️1) Environmental: ability to maintain rates of renewable
resource harvest, pollution creation, and non-renewable resource depletion that can be
continued indefinitely
2) Economic: ability to support a defined level of economic production indefinitely
3) Social: ability of a social system to function at a defined level of social wellbeing indefinitely
Social Dilemma ✔️✔️A conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen
by most people, have harmful effects on everyone
Trash Vortexes ✔️✔️-An area the size of Texas in the North Pacific that swirls slowly around like a
clock
-Filled with plastics, debris, and dead marine life
-Atlantic and Indian Oceans also have trash vortexes
Injunctive and Descriptive Norms ✔️✔️1) Injunctive Norms: people's perceptions of what
behaviors are approved or disapproved by others
2) Descriptive Norms: people's perceptions of how people actually behave
Challenges to Increasing Sustainable Behaviors ✔️✔️1) Adhering to one positive injunctive norm
may lead to "licensing effects" (i.e. "green" products)
2) Injunctive norms may not exist for particular behaviors
3) People often overestimate the strength of perceived injunctive norms
Infomercial Example ✔️✔️
Littering Study Example ✔️✔️-Tested the hypothesis that a single piece of trash, sticking out like
a sore thumb, would cause less people to litter rather than a totally clean environment
-Three groups: people who saw one piece of litter on the floor (a watermelon rind), people who
saw that no one littered, and people who saw several pieces of litter (watermelon as well as
dozens of discarded handbills)
, -People who saw one piece of trash were least likely to litter
-Highest % of littering occurred when the floor was littered (i.e. no descriptive norm against
littering)
Wasting Gallons Example ✔️✔️-Compared 2 communities during a severe drought
-Houses in one community were equipped wot water meters that allowed residents to monitor
how much water they were consuming
-When people felt that the water shortage was severe, those in metered houses consumed less
water than those in unmetered houses
AC Consumption Example ✔️✔️
Boomerang Effects ✔️✔️The unintended consequences of an attempt to persuade resulting in
the adoption of the undesirable behavior instead
-i.e. attempt to get people to stop littering actually increases the amount of litter in an area
Licensing Effects ✔️✔️-Subconscious phenomenon whereby increased confidence in one's self-
image tends to make that individual worry less about the consequences of subsequent immoral
behavior
-i.e. buying a green product and then wasting water
Buy Green Products Example ✔️✔️-Mere exposure to green products can have a positive societal
effect by inducing prosocial behaviors
-BUT purchasing green products is likely to lead to licensing effects
Keeping Track of Consumption ✔️✔️-Simply keeping track of one's behavior is the first step to
changing it
-Ex: Students asked to keep track of the number of miles they avoided driving and to record
that figure. Students who kept track of the miles they saved drove their cars less than did
students who didn't keep track of the miles they saved
