class notes political science or economics

The mind map summarizes Class 12 Political Science in two key sections: 1. Contemporary World Politics (Covers International Relations & Global Issues) Cold War Era – US vs. USSR, ideological conflicts, alliances (NATO, Warsaw Pact). Disintegration of USSR – Fall of Soviet Union in 1991, end of bipolar world. US Dominance & Unipolar World – Rise of the USA as the sole superpower. Alternative Centers of Power – Influence of EU, China, ASEAN as global players. South Asia & International Relations – India’s relations with Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal. United Nations & Global Organizations – UN, WTO, IMF, World Bank’s role in world affairs. Security in Contemporary World – Traditional (military) vs. non-traditional (human, cyber) security threats. Environment & Natural Resources – Climate change, global policies for sustainability. Globalization – Economic, political, and cultural impact of globalization. 2. Politics in India Since Independence (Covers Indian Political Developments) Challenges of Nation-Building – Partition, integration of princely states, linguistic reorganization. Era of One-Party Dominance – Congress dominance (), opposition rise. Politics of Planned Development – Five-Year Plans, Green Revolution, economic policies. India’s Foreign Policy – Non-Alignment Movement (NAM), Indo-Pak, Indo-China relations. Challenges to & Restoration of Congress System – Decline of Congress, Emergency (1975-77), return of democracy. Crisis of Democratic Order (Emergency) – Indira Gandhi’s rule, suspension of civil liberties. Rise of New Social Movements – Dalit, feminist, environmental movements. Regional Aspirations & Conflicts – Punjab, Assam, Kashmir conflicts, demand for statehood. Recent Developments in Indian Politics – Coalition governments, economic liberalization (1991 reforms). This mind map gives a quick visual summary of all major topics in Class 12 Political Science. Let me know if you need more detailed notes or explanations on any topic!