CASAL II OA 2025 update|comprehensive questions and verified answers (complete solutions) Exam|GRADE A+!!

3/31/25, 9:14 AM CASAL II OA 2025 update|comprehensive questions and verified answers (complete solutions) Exam|GRADE A+!! Flashcards …




CASAL II OA 2025 update|comprehensive
questions and verified answers (complete
solutions) Exam|GRADE A+!!

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Terms in this set (334)


pacemaker, 60-100bpm,Depolarization R atria, p
SA node
wave,

Gatekeeper, intraseptal, Allows delay for blood so
AV node
no back up, 40-60 bpm

Intraventricular, 40-60bpm, sends to purkinje fibers
Bundle of His
for ventricular depolarization

L and R bundle branches 20-40bpm,

20-40bpm, ventricular depolarization (QRS)
Purkinje fibers
complex

Preload LVEDP determined by LVEDV

Afterload Vascular resistance

Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

Normal QRS complex 0.06-0.12 sec. (1.5-3 small boxes)

P wave atrial depolarization

QRS complex ventricular depolarization

T wave ventricular repolarization

U wave hypokalemia, depolarization purkinje fibers




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,3/31/25, 9:14 AM CASAL II OA 2025 update|comprehensive questions and verified answers (complete solutions) Exam|GRADE A+!! Flashcards …


1. P waves? No
2. P waves regular? U/A to determine
3. R waves regular? No irregular
4. How many R waves in 6 sec?
A Fib on EKG
5. PR interval length? No, no p waves
Saw tooth
No p waves
R waves irregular

the volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with
Stroke volume
each heartbeat

Cardiac output Amount of blood pumped through body per min

3 things that affect stroke preload, afterload, contractility
volume

What increases vascular pHTN (R❤️), vasoconstriction/HTN (L❤️), aortic
resistance stenosis (L ventricle)

What can decrease Vasodilation
afterload

Dopamine ⬆️ BP & CO
norepinephrine ⬆️ BP
Sympathomemetics/ epinephrine ⬆️Bronchodilation
adrenergic agonist beta 2 adrenergic agonist -inhaled for cold/asthma
albuterol (short)
solmedrol (long)

Sympatholytic/ Beta blockers ⬇️ HR, ⬇️BP, constrict airway
andrenergic antagonist

Parasympatholytic/antich Airway: Ipratropium bronchodilator
olenergic HR: Atropine ⬆️HR or dilate pupils

nonselective beta propranolol, timolol, nadolol, pindolol, carvidolol
blockers
beta 1 ❤️ Kidneys
beta 2 lungs, GI, vascular
muscle, skeletal

Nursing implications non Not for: COPD, asthma, PVD
selective Beta blocker


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,3/31/25, 9:14 AM CASAL II OA 2025 update|comprehensive questions and verified answers (complete solutions) Exam|GRADE A+!! Flashcards …


Atenolol, esmolol, metoprolol
Selective Beta blockers
beta 1 found in ❤️ And kidneys-blocks RAAS

HTN, stable angina, dysthymia (SVT, tachy),
Beta blockers treat compensated heart failure, glaucoma, migraines,
tremors, anxiety

-Bradycardia-check physician desired -parameters
-EKG-heart block 2nd and 3rd degree
-watch for S&S ❤️ Failure don't want contraction to
get too weak
Monitor with beta -monitor BG masks ⬆️HR of
blockers hypoglycemia/hyperglycemia
-ortho htn
- circulation impairment
-OD S&S bradycardia, lethargic, ❤️ Block,
hypotension

Bradycardia
❤️ Failure exacerbation
Teach pt with beta taper off-rebound htn/angina
blockers ortho htn
know OD S&S
blood glucose w/non selective

blocks L type channels in:
Calcium Channel vascular smooth muscle
Blockers cardiac myocytes
cardiac nodal tissue (SA & AV nodual tissue)

Calcium Channel Dihydropyridines: "Pines"
Blockers (vascular amlodipine, felodipine, nifedipine
selective) Mainly for HTN and angina

Calcium Channel coronary and peripheral arteries:
Blockers-effects on Vasodilation: decrease BP, relax coronary arteries,
vascular smooth muscle decrease SVR = decrease afterload

decrease heart contraction strength (- inrotropic
Calcium Channel
effect)
Blockers-effects on
decrease O2 demand
myocytes
Treats angina-NOT for heart failure pt



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SA node- decrease heart rate (neg chronotropic
Calcium Channel effect)
Blockers- effects on AV node- speed up conduction (positive
cardiac nodal tissue dromotrophic)
treats arrhythmia: SVTs, Afib

Non-Dihydropyridines
Myocardial Selective
phenlalkylamines-Verapamil
Calcium Channel
benzothiazepine- Diltiasem
Blockers
mainly for anti-arrhythmic htn/angina

Misc. treatment with Rhanud's
Calcium Channel migraines
Blockers cerebral spasms

*monitor for bradycardia especially Verapamil &
Diltiazem
*monitor EKG for 1st degree especially for Verapamil
& Diltiazem
*Never give verapamil/Diltiazem with 2nd or 3rd
degree HB
Nursing Implications
*monitor S&S heart failure (dyspnea, weight gain,
crackles, edema)
*No grapefruit
*High fiber diet -verapamil and diltiazem
*Good oral hygiene with the "Pines"
*monitor reflex tachycardia, ortho htn

monitor HR and BP at home
S&S of CHF exacerbation
Teach pt on Calcium
good oral hygiene for "pines"
Channel Blocker
high fiber diet for varapamil and diltiazem
orthostatic htn-change positions slowly

Angiotensin Converting "Prils"
Enzyme Inhibitors Captorpil, lisinopril, enalapril, quinipril, ramipril




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