Combined Immunology HMX Exam with 1
g g g g g
00% Correct Answers 2023
g g g
______________________gisgthegtransfergofgtissue/organgfromgonegindividualgtoganothe
rg-gCorrectgAnswer-Transplantation
_________________________gisgthegtransfergofgbloodgcells/bloodgproductsgfromgonegin
dividualgtoganotherg-gCorrectgAnswer-Transfusion
_________________gtransplantgisgthegmostgcommongtransplantationg-gCorrectgAnswer-
kidney
_____________________gtransfusiongisgthegmostgcommongtransfusiong-
gCorrectgAnswer-redgbloodgcell
Individualsgwhogaregnotgidenticalgtwinsgdiffergingmanyggenesgthatgtheygdognotginherit.gThi
sgmeansgindividualsgwillghavegdifferentgproteinsgbasedgongthesegdifferentggenes.gTheseg
differencesgaregcalledg______________________g-gCorrectgAnswer-polymorphisms
Ingtransplantation,gifgonegpersongisgagdonorgandganothergisgagrecipient,gthengtheregmightg
begagdifferencegingproteinsgbetweengeachgperson.gSo,gwhengangorgangisgtransplanted,gt
hegrecipient'sgimmunegsystemgcangdetectgthegtransplantedgcellsgasgnon-
selfgandgleadgangattackgagainstgthem.gThisgattackginvolvesg________________gandg___
_gcellsgandgisgcalledgang___________________g________________g______________
_g-gCorrectgAnswer-antibodies
Tgcells
allogeneicgimmunegresponse
Thegrecipient'sgTgcellsgandgantibodiesgthatgentergthegimplantedgorgangaftergtransplantati
ongcauseginflammationgingthegorgangasgifgthegorgangisgagforeignginvader,glikegagmicrobe.g
Thisgleadsgtoginjury/deathgofgthegimplantedgorgan.gThisgisgcalledg_________________g_
______________g-gCorrectgAnswer-transplantgrejection
Thegmostgpolymorphicggenesgingourgentireggenomegaregtheg_____________________g_
__________________g_________________ggenes.g-gCorrectgAnswer-
majorghistocompatibilitygcomplexg(akagHLAggenes)
MHCgclassgIIghasgthegvariants:g__________,g__________,gandg_________gproteinsg-
gCorrectgAnswer-DP
DQ
DR
,MHCgclassgIghasgthegvariants:g____________,g______________gandg_________g-
gCorrectgAnswer-A
B
C
Ifgwegtakegallgthegdifferentgallelesgingtheghumangpopulationgthatgencodegnormalgfunctioni
nggversionsgofgthegMHCgclassgIgandgIIgvariants,gtheregaregoverg______________galleles
g-gCorrectgAnswer-5,000
HLA-Bghasgoverg_______________gallelesg-gCorrectgAnswer-2,500
_______gisgthegmajorgimmunologicalgbarriergtogtransplantationg-gCorrectgAnswer-MHC
______________ghavegcarbohydratesgongtheirgsurface,gbutgtheygdiffergfromgonegperson
gtoganotherg-gCorrectgAnswer-RBCs
Thegantigensgongredgbloodgcellsginclude:g_______,g_________,g_________gorg_______
__g-gCorrectgAnswer-A
B
AB
O
IfgsomeonegisgtypegA,gthisgmeansgtheyghavegthegAgantigengandgtheyghavegantibodiesgth
atgrecognizegthegantigensgthatgtheygdognotgexpress.gSo,gtypegAghasgnaturalg______ganti
bodiesgthatgrecognizegtheg______gantigen.gTypegBghasgantibodiesgthatgrecognizegtheg_
_____gantigen.gTypegOghasgantibodiesgthatgrecognizegtheg________gandg_______gantig
en.gTypegABghasg_________gantibodiesg-gCorrectgAnswer-IgMg
B
A
A
B
neither
Ifgyougwantgtogtransfusegbloodgacrossgindividuals,gthengthegantibodiesgcangcausegtroubl
e.gForgexample,gifgtypegAgisgtransfusedgintogsomeonegwithgtypegB,gthengthegrecipientgwit
hgtypegBg(whoghasgantibodiesgagainstgtypegA)gwillgcausegthegdestructiongofgtypegAgblood
geithergbyg___________________ gactivationgorg_________________.gThisgisgcalledgag_
___________________g________________g-gCorrectgAnswer-complement
phagocytosis
transfusiongreaction
,Givengwhatgyoughaveglearnedgaboutgtheggeneticglocigthatgaregmostgimportantgforgtranspl
antgcompatibility,gitgisglikelygthatg____________garegthegprimarygmediatorsgofgtransplantg
rejection.
1.gBglymphocytes
2.gTglymphocytes
3.gmacrophages
4.gneutrophilsg-gCorrectgAnswer-2.gTglymphocytes
Agburngvictimgreceivesgagskingtransplant.gTheoretically,ghisgmedicalgteamgcouldgchoosegf
romgseveralgdifferentgdonors,gbutgthegchoicegofgdonorgisgobviousgingthisgcase.gWhogisgth
egdonor?
1.gthegpatient'sgtwingbrother
2.gthegpatient'sgspouse
3.gthegpatient'sgson
4.gthegpatientg-gCorrectgAnswer-4.gthegpatient
Whichgimmunegmechanismsgorgprocessesgaregmostgcommonlygassociatedgwithgtransfus
iongreactions?g(selectgtwoganswers)
1.gantibody-dependentgcellulargcytotoxicity
2.gcomplementgactivation
3.gCTLgdegranulation
4.gneutralization
5.gopsonizationg-gCorrectgAnswer-2.gcomplementgactivation
5.gopsonization
ThegantigensgofgthegABOgbloodggroupsgare:
1.gcarbohydrates.
2.gnucleicgacids.
3.gproteins.
4.glipids.g-gCorrectgAnswer-1.gcarbohydrates.
Togpredictgthegchancesgofgtransplantgrejection,gthreegHLAgproteinsgaregthegmostgimporta
nt:g__________,g___________gandg__________g-gCorrectgAnswer-HLA-A
HLA-B
DR
___________g____________gisgusedgtogreducegchancesgofgrejection.gWegcangmatchgpr
oteinsgofgthegdonorgandgrecipientgtogseegifgthegrecipientghasgsimilargproteinsgasgthegdono
r.gIdenticalgproteinsgaregusuallygfoundgamongstg_______________.gIfgtheregisgnotgagsibli
nggdonorgwithgagperfectgmatch,gthengwegcangtrygtogfindgsomeonegwhogatgleastgsharesgso
megMHCggenes.g-gCorrectgAnswer-HLAgmatching
, siblings
Ifgsomeggenesgaregdifferent,gtheregwillgbegangimmunegresponsegagainstgthosegHLAgprot
einsgwhichgcangleadgtogrejection.gTogtreatgthegpotentialgofgrejection,gwegcangtreatgthegpat
ientgwithg______________________gdrugs.g-gCorrectgAnswer-immunosuppressive
ThegmostgcommongimmunosuppressivegdrugsgthatgblockgthegTgcellgresponsegaftergTgcel
lsgbindgtogthegantigengaregcalledg____________________g_____________________.gT
hegmostgcommongofgthesegdrugsgisg________________________g-gCorrectgAnswer-
calcineuringinhibitors
Cyclosporin
Normally,gaftergTgcellgactivation,gthegTgcellgreleasesgcytokinesgwhichgbindgtogthegTgcell'sg
interleuking2greceptor.gThegmostgcommongimmunosuppressivegdruggthatgblocksgactivati
ongfromgtheg______________________g____greceptorgisg_____________________g-
gCorrectgAnswer-interleuking2
Rapamycin
Theregaregdrugsgthatgaregantibodiesgthatgareggivengtogtransplantgrecipientsgthatgbindgtog
moleculesgongthegsurfacegofgactivatedgTgcellsgandgleadgtogtheirgdeath.gThesegareg_____
_______________g_____________________g_____________________g-
gCorrectgAnswer-lymphocytegdepletinggantibodies
Typeg________ghasgneithergAgnorgBgantigensgandgthereforegcanggivegbloodgtoganygbloo
dgtypegbecausegthegrecipientgwillghavegantibodiesgthatgcannotgkillgredgbloodgcellsgwithgno
gantigens.gThisgisgtheg__________________g________________g-gCorrectgAnswer-O
universalgdonor
______________g________________gstartsgwithgtakinggbloodgofgagpotentialgrecipientga
ndgaskinggwhatgantibodiesgaregpresentgingthegpatient'sgserumgthatgmightgbindgtogthegblo
odgofgagdonor.gThen,gwegcanglookgatgthegbloodgofgpotentialgdonorsgwithgdifferentgantigen
sgongtheirgsurface.gIngaglab,gwegcangseegifgthegmixturegofgagrecipient'sgserumgandgdonor'
sgbloodgcellsg__________________.gIfgthisghappens,gwegknowgitgisgnotgaggoodgmatch.gIf
gagdonorgdoesgnotghavegantigensgthatgwouldgbegkilledgbygthegrecipientsgantibodiesgtheng
weghavegag________________g_______________g_______________g-
gCorrectgAnswer-Crossgmatching
agglutinate
positivegcrossgmatch
Crossgmatchinggcangbegdonegong_________________g(whichghavegHLAgmoleculesgongt
heirgsurface,gunlikegRBCs)gasgwellg-gCorrectgAnswer-leukocytes
g g g g g
00% Correct Answers 2023
g g g
______________________gisgthegtransfergofgtissue/organgfromgonegindividualgtoganothe
rg-gCorrectgAnswer-Transplantation
_________________________gisgthegtransfergofgbloodgcells/bloodgproductsgfromgonegin
dividualgtoganotherg-gCorrectgAnswer-Transfusion
_________________gtransplantgisgthegmostgcommongtransplantationg-gCorrectgAnswer-
kidney
_____________________gtransfusiongisgthegmostgcommongtransfusiong-
gCorrectgAnswer-redgbloodgcell
Individualsgwhogaregnotgidenticalgtwinsgdiffergingmanyggenesgthatgtheygdognotginherit.gThi
sgmeansgindividualsgwillghavegdifferentgproteinsgbasedgongthesegdifferentggenes.gTheseg
differencesgaregcalledg______________________g-gCorrectgAnswer-polymorphisms
Ingtransplantation,gifgonegpersongisgagdonorgandganothergisgagrecipient,gthengtheregmightg
begagdifferencegingproteinsgbetweengeachgperson.gSo,gwhengangorgangisgtransplanted,gt
hegrecipient'sgimmunegsystemgcangdetectgthegtransplantedgcellsgasgnon-
selfgandgleadgangattackgagainstgthem.gThisgattackginvolvesg________________gandg___
_gcellsgandgisgcalledgang___________________g________________g______________
_g-gCorrectgAnswer-antibodies
Tgcells
allogeneicgimmunegresponse
Thegrecipient'sgTgcellsgandgantibodiesgthatgentergthegimplantedgorgangaftergtransplantati
ongcauseginflammationgingthegorgangasgifgthegorgangisgagforeignginvader,glikegagmicrobe.g
Thisgleadsgtoginjury/deathgofgthegimplantedgorgan.gThisgisgcalledg_________________g_
______________g-gCorrectgAnswer-transplantgrejection
Thegmostgpolymorphicggenesgingourgentireggenomegaregtheg_____________________g_
__________________g_________________ggenes.g-gCorrectgAnswer-
majorghistocompatibilitygcomplexg(akagHLAggenes)
MHCgclassgIIghasgthegvariants:g__________,g__________,gandg_________gproteinsg-
gCorrectgAnswer-DP
DQ
DR
,MHCgclassgIghasgthegvariants:g____________,g______________gandg_________g-
gCorrectgAnswer-A
B
C
Ifgwegtakegallgthegdifferentgallelesgingtheghumangpopulationgthatgencodegnormalgfunctioni
nggversionsgofgthegMHCgclassgIgandgIIgvariants,gtheregaregoverg______________galleles
g-gCorrectgAnswer-5,000
HLA-Bghasgoverg_______________gallelesg-gCorrectgAnswer-2,500
_______gisgthegmajorgimmunologicalgbarriergtogtransplantationg-gCorrectgAnswer-MHC
______________ghavegcarbohydratesgongtheirgsurface,gbutgtheygdiffergfromgonegperson
gtoganotherg-gCorrectgAnswer-RBCs
Thegantigensgongredgbloodgcellsginclude:g_______,g_________,g_________gorg_______
__g-gCorrectgAnswer-A
B
AB
O
IfgsomeonegisgtypegA,gthisgmeansgtheyghavegthegAgantigengandgtheyghavegantibodiesgth
atgrecognizegthegantigensgthatgtheygdognotgexpress.gSo,gtypegAghasgnaturalg______ganti
bodiesgthatgrecognizegtheg______gantigen.gTypegBghasgantibodiesgthatgrecognizegtheg_
_____gantigen.gTypegOghasgantibodiesgthatgrecognizegtheg________gandg_______gantig
en.gTypegABghasg_________gantibodiesg-gCorrectgAnswer-IgMg
B
A
A
B
neither
Ifgyougwantgtogtransfusegbloodgacrossgindividuals,gthengthegantibodiesgcangcausegtroubl
e.gForgexample,gifgtypegAgisgtransfusedgintogsomeonegwithgtypegB,gthengthegrecipientgwit
hgtypegBg(whoghasgantibodiesgagainstgtypegA)gwillgcausegthegdestructiongofgtypegAgblood
geithergbyg___________________ gactivationgorg_________________.gThisgisgcalledgag_
___________________g________________g-gCorrectgAnswer-complement
phagocytosis
transfusiongreaction
,Givengwhatgyoughaveglearnedgaboutgtheggeneticglocigthatgaregmostgimportantgforgtranspl
antgcompatibility,gitgisglikelygthatg____________garegthegprimarygmediatorsgofgtransplantg
rejection.
1.gBglymphocytes
2.gTglymphocytes
3.gmacrophages
4.gneutrophilsg-gCorrectgAnswer-2.gTglymphocytes
Agburngvictimgreceivesgagskingtransplant.gTheoretically,ghisgmedicalgteamgcouldgchoosegf
romgseveralgdifferentgdonors,gbutgthegchoicegofgdonorgisgobviousgingthisgcase.gWhogisgth
egdonor?
1.gthegpatient'sgtwingbrother
2.gthegpatient'sgspouse
3.gthegpatient'sgson
4.gthegpatientg-gCorrectgAnswer-4.gthegpatient
Whichgimmunegmechanismsgorgprocessesgaregmostgcommonlygassociatedgwithgtransfus
iongreactions?g(selectgtwoganswers)
1.gantibody-dependentgcellulargcytotoxicity
2.gcomplementgactivation
3.gCTLgdegranulation
4.gneutralization
5.gopsonizationg-gCorrectgAnswer-2.gcomplementgactivation
5.gopsonization
ThegantigensgofgthegABOgbloodggroupsgare:
1.gcarbohydrates.
2.gnucleicgacids.
3.gproteins.
4.glipids.g-gCorrectgAnswer-1.gcarbohydrates.
Togpredictgthegchancesgofgtransplantgrejection,gthreegHLAgproteinsgaregthegmostgimporta
nt:g__________,g___________gandg__________g-gCorrectgAnswer-HLA-A
HLA-B
DR
___________g____________gisgusedgtogreducegchancesgofgrejection.gWegcangmatchgpr
oteinsgofgthegdonorgandgrecipientgtogseegifgthegrecipientghasgsimilargproteinsgasgthegdono
r.gIdenticalgproteinsgaregusuallygfoundgamongstg_______________.gIfgtheregisgnotgagsibli
nggdonorgwithgagperfectgmatch,gthengwegcangtrygtogfindgsomeonegwhogatgleastgsharesgso
megMHCggenes.g-gCorrectgAnswer-HLAgmatching
, siblings
Ifgsomeggenesgaregdifferent,gtheregwillgbegangimmunegresponsegagainstgthosegHLAgprot
einsgwhichgcangleadgtogrejection.gTogtreatgthegpotentialgofgrejection,gwegcangtreatgthegpat
ientgwithg______________________gdrugs.g-gCorrectgAnswer-immunosuppressive
ThegmostgcommongimmunosuppressivegdrugsgthatgblockgthegTgcellgresponsegaftergTgcel
lsgbindgtogthegantigengaregcalledg____________________g_____________________.gT
hegmostgcommongofgthesegdrugsgisg________________________g-gCorrectgAnswer-
calcineuringinhibitors
Cyclosporin
Normally,gaftergTgcellgactivation,gthegTgcellgreleasesgcytokinesgwhichgbindgtogthegTgcell'sg
interleuking2greceptor.gThegmostgcommongimmunosuppressivegdruggthatgblocksgactivati
ongfromgtheg______________________g____greceptorgisg_____________________g-
gCorrectgAnswer-interleuking2
Rapamycin
Theregaregdrugsgthatgaregantibodiesgthatgareggivengtogtransplantgrecipientsgthatgbindgtog
moleculesgongthegsurfacegofgactivatedgTgcellsgandgleadgtogtheirgdeath.gThesegareg_____
_______________g_____________________g_____________________g-
gCorrectgAnswer-lymphocytegdepletinggantibodies
Typeg________ghasgneithergAgnorgBgantigensgandgthereforegcanggivegbloodgtoganygbloo
dgtypegbecausegthegrecipientgwillghavegantibodiesgthatgcannotgkillgredgbloodgcellsgwithgno
gantigens.gThisgisgtheg__________________g________________g-gCorrectgAnswer-O
universalgdonor
______________g________________gstartsgwithgtakinggbloodgofgagpotentialgrecipientga
ndgaskinggwhatgantibodiesgaregpresentgingthegpatient'sgserumgthatgmightgbindgtogthegblo
odgofgagdonor.gThen,gwegcanglookgatgthegbloodgofgpotentialgdonorsgwithgdifferentgantigen
sgongtheirgsurface.gIngaglab,gwegcangseegifgthegmixturegofgagrecipient'sgserumgandgdonor'
sgbloodgcellsg__________________.gIfgthisghappens,gwegknowgitgisgnotgaggoodgmatch.gIf
gagdonorgdoesgnotghavegantigensgthatgwouldgbegkilledgbygthegrecipientsgantibodiesgtheng
weghavegag________________g_______________g_______________g-
gCorrectgAnswer-Crossgmatching
agglutinate
positivegcrossgmatch
Crossgmatchinggcangbegdonegong_________________g(whichghavegHLAgmoleculesgongt
heirgsurface,gunlikegRBCs)gasgwellg-gCorrectgAnswer-leukocytes
