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, What is the Hawthorne effect?
The Hawthorne Effect is the phenomenon where people improve their performance or
behavior simply because they know they are being observed.
What is theory X vs. Y
Theory X assumes that employees are naturally lazy, avoid responsibility, and need to be
closely supervised and controlled to do their work.
Theory Y assumes that employees are motivated, enjoy taking responsibility, and are capable
of self-direction and creativity when given the right environment and opportunities.
In short, Theory X is based on a more negative view of workers, while Theory Y is based on
a more positive view.
What are the tools in the Quantitive approach
Quantitative management (employs mathematical techniques such as linear programming,
modeling, simulation & queueing theory)
Operations management
Total Quality Management (TQM); and
Management information systems
what are the theories in the Contemporary Approach
Systems Theory
Contingency Theory
Chaos Theory
Other Theories
What is the systems theory
In business management, systems theory is used to understand how different parts of an
organization (like departments, teams, or processes) work together to achieve the company's
goals. It emphasizes that a change in one part of the business can impact other parts, and that
the company must be managed as a whole system, not just separate pieces.
what are characteristics of a system
internal independence
capacity for feedback
Equilibrium
Equifinality