PCT FRESENIUS EXAM . QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS. GUARANTEED A+.

PCT FRESENIUS EXAM . QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS. GUARANTEED A+. What are the functions of a healthy kidney? Answer- REGULATE, SYNTHESIS, ENDOCRINE: Regulate fluid balance, blood volume, electrolytes, acid-base balance, synthesize calcitrol (active vitamin D), secrete erythropoietin and release renin what is the glomerular filtration rate in the five stages of kidney disease? Answer- flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney stage 1: 90+ stage 2:60-89 stage 3: 30-59 stage 4: 15-29 stage 5: 15 what are the types and stages of kidney failure? Answer- acute renal failure: sudden onset, severe, usually reversible. can be caused by drug toxicity, dehydration, or motor vehicle accident Chronic renal failure: slow onset, progressive, permanent. can be caused by diabetes, hypertension, or genetic disease such as glomerulonephritis or nephrosclerosis what are the signs and symptoms of renal failure or uremia? Answer- elevated serum levels of BUN/Creatinine, phosphorus, potassium. anemia, nerve damage, yellow-gray appearance of skin, fluid overload, dyspnea, edema, hypertension, proteinuria, uremia, lethargy, weakness, headache, itching, fatigue, nausea restlessness, mental change, loss of appetite. what is anemia and how is it treated? Answer- lack of RBC (decreased or lack of erythropoietin production). iron binds with hemoglobin in RBC and transports oxygen. it is treated using erythropoieting stimulating agents and usually administered IV. which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? Answer- removal of waste products and regulation of fluid balance. dialysis does not regulate endocrine production list briefly and describe three modalities of treatment for end stage renal disease Answer- Hemodialysis: uses vascular access to draw blood from patient and send to dialyzer and into semipermeable membrane where diffusion removes waste products and ultrafiltration removes fluid. provides approximately 15% of the normal function of the kidney. peritoneal dialysis: continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. both types use permanent catheter in highly vascularized peritoneal cavity. dialysate is infused into peritoneal space and allowed to dwell and then drained. excess fluid and waste is removed through osmosis and diffusion what is the difference between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialyisis? Answer- Hemo: outpatient, dialyzer is used to remove waste from blood via diffusion and fluid is removed through ultra filtration. peritoneal: home setting, peritoneal membrane is the semipermeable membrane that filters waste and fluid removal occurs via osmotic pressure and concentration gradients caused by the dextrose solution and dwell times. when is it known that a patient has developed sensitivity to a dialyzer? Answer- seen within the first half hour of treatment. sneezing, itching, pain at access site, chest pain, rashing, hives, fever are symptoms. alarm conditions Answer- Blood: blood leak, air detector, venous/arterial pressure, TMP. stops the blood pump therefor blood is not cleaned and no ultrafiltration. potential for clotting due to stagnant blood Dialysate: conductivity high/low, temperature. dialysate goes into bypass so no cleaning of blood. uf continues. what are the body fluid compartments? Answer- 50-70% of body is water. intracellular, extracellular, intravascular, interstitial. what is diffusion Answer- movement of solutes across semipermeable membrane from high concentration to low concentration. solutes include urea, electrolytes, creatinine, drugs what is osmosis? Answer- movement of fluid from lower concentration of solutes to a higher concentration. what is ultrafiltration? Answer- use of both negative and positive pressure to pull excess fluid from the patient why is water used for dialysis treated? Answer- water contains contaminants, electrolytes, and impurities. these must be removed bc the patients are exposed to large volumes of water during tx what is chloramine and how is it different from chlorine Answer- combination of chlorine and ammonia what is the diasafe filter? Answer- found on back of hemodialysis machine that allows for the delivery of ultrapure dialysate.