BusinessG ResearchG Methods,G M.ComG 2ndG Sem
CHAPTER -1 BUSINESS RESEARCH
G G G
TheGwordGresearchGisGcomposedGofGtwoGsyllables,GreGandGsearch.GTheGdictionaryGdefinesGtheGf
ormerGasGaGprefixGmeaningGagain,GanewGorGoverGagainGandGtheGlatterGasGaGverbGmeaningGtoGexamineG
closelyGandGcarefully,GtoGtestGandGtry,GorGtoGprobe.GTogetherGtheyGformGaGnounGdescribingGaGcareful,Gs
ystematic,GpatientG studyG andGinvestigationGinGsomeG fieldGofGknowledge,G undertakenG toGestablishGfa
ctsGorGprinciples.
AccordingGtoGRobertGRoss,G“researchGisGessentiallyGanGinvestigation,GaGrecordingGandGanG anal
ysisGofGevidenceGforGtheGpurposeGofGgainingGknowledge.”GItGcanGgenerallyGbeGdefinedGasGaGsystematicG
methodGofGfindingGsolutionsGtoGproblems.
AGresearchGneedGnotGleadGtoGidealGsolutionGbutGitGmayGgiveGriseGtoGnewGproblemsGwhichGmayG
requireGfurtherGresearch.GInGotherGwordsGresearchGisGnotGanGendGtoGaGproblemGsinceGeveryGresearchG
givesGbirthGtoGaGnewGquestion.GItGisGcarriedGonGbothGforGdiscoveringGnewGfactsGandGverificationGofGoldG
ones.
FeaturesGofGResearch
✓ ItGmeansGtheG discoveryGofGnewknowledge
✓ IsGessentiallyG aninvestigation
✓ IsG relatedGwithGtheG solutionGofG aproblem
✓ ItGisG basedGonGobservationG orGexperimentalevidences.
✓ ItG demandsG accurateG observationG orexperimentation.
✓ InGresearch,GtheG researchersG tryG toGfindG outG answersGforGunsolvedquestions
✓ ItGshouldGbeG carefullyG recordedGandreported
BusinessG Research
BusinessGresearchGrefersGtoGsystematicGcollectionGandGanalysisGofGdataGwithGtheGpurposeGofGfi
ndingG answersG toG problemsG facingG management.G ItG canG beG carriedG outG withG theG objectiveG toGe
xplore,G toG describeG orG toG diagnoseG aG phenomenon.G ItG involvesG establishingG objectivesG andGgath
eringG relevantG informationG toG obtainG theG answerG toG aG businessG issueG andG itG canG beG conductedGt
oG answerG aG business-
G relatedG question,G suchG as:G WhatG isG theG targetG marketG ofG myG product?GBusinessG researchG canG a
lsoG beG usedG toG solveG aG business-
relatedG problem,G suchG asG determiningG howGtoGdecreaseGtheGamountGofGexcessGinventoryGonhand.
WhenG decidingG whetherG businessG researchG isG toG beG conductedG orG not,G theG firmG keepsG i
nGmindG factorsG likeG theG availabilityG ofG data,G timeG constraintsG andG theG valueG ofG theG researchGinf
ormationG toG theG company.G AdequateG planningG andG information-gatheringG areG essentialG toG derive
NavyaGSGMurthy,GAssistantGProfessor,GSSCASC,GTumakur 1
u
, BusinessG ResearchG Methods,G M.ComG 2ndG Sem
resultsGforG business.
SocialGResearch
SocialGresearchGrefersGtoGresearchconductedGbyGsocialGscientists.GItGisGtheGscientificGinvestigati
onGconductedGinGtheGfieldGofGsocialGsciencesGandGalsoGinGtheGbehavioralGsciences.GSocialGresearchGmet
hodsGcanGgenerallyGvaryGalongGaGquantitative/qualitativeGdimension.GWhileGvariousGmethodsGmayGso
metimesGbeGclassifiedGasGquantitativeGorGqualitative,GmostGmethodsGcontainG elementsG ofG both.G Soc
ialG scientistsG employG aG rangeG ofG methodsG inG orderG toG analyseG aG vastG breadthGofGsocialGphenomen
a;GfromGcensussurveyGdataGderivedGfromGmillionsGofGindividuals,GtoGtheGin-
depthGanalysisG ofG aG singleG agents'G socialG experiences;G fromG monitoringG whatG isG happeningG onGc
ontemporaryGstreets,GtoGtheGinvestigationGofGancientGhistoricalGdocuments.
TheGsocialGscienceGresearchGisGaGsystematicGmethodGofGexploring,GanalyzingGandG conceptualiz
ingGsocialGlifeGinGorderGtoGexpand,GcorrectGorGverifyGknowledgeGwhetherGthatGknowledgeGaidsGinGtheGc
onstructionGofGtheoryGorGinGtheGpracticeGofGanGart.
EducationalG Research
EducationalGResearchGisGthatGactivityGwhichGisGdirectedGtowardsGdevelopmentGofGaGscienceGofG behavi
ourGinGeducationalGsituations.GTheGultimateGaimGofGthisGresearchGisGtoGprovideGknowledgeGthatGwillG p
ermitG theG educatorG toG achieveG hisG goalsG byG mostG effectiveG methods.G EducationalG researchGrefer
sG toGaG varietyG ofGmethods,G inG whichG individualsG evaluateG differentG aspectsG ofGeducationGincludin
g:G“studentG learning,GteachingG methods,G teacherGtraining,GandG classroomG dynamics”.
EducationalGresearchersGhaveGcomeGtoGtheGconsensusGthat,GeducationalGresearchGmustGbeGco
nductedG inGaG rigorousG andGsystematicG wayG althoughGwhatG thisG impliesG isG oftenG debated.G ThereG areG
aGvarietyGofGdisciplinesGwhichGareGeachGpresentGtoGsomeGdegreeGinGeducationalGresearch.GTheseG incl
udeGpsychology,Gsociology,Ganthropology,GandGphilosophy.GTheGoverlapGinGdisciplinesGcreatesGaGbroad
G rangeG fromG whichG methodologycanG beG drawn.G TheG findingsG ofG educationalG researchG alsoGneedG
toGbeGinterpretedGwithinGtheGcontextGinGwhichGtheyGwereGdiscoveredGasGtheyGmayGnotGbeGapplicableGi
nGeveryGtimeGorGplace.
NeedG ForGResearchG (ImportanceGofG Research)
TheGmainGimportanceGofGresearchGisGtoGproduceGknowledgeGthatGcanGbeGappliedGoutsideGaGre
searchGsetting.GResearchGalsoGformsGtheGfoundationGofGprogramGdevelopmentGandGpoliciesGeverywhe
reGaroundGtheGuniverse.GItGalsoGsolvesGparticularGexistingGproblemsGofGconcern.GResearchGisGimportan
tGbecauseGweGareGableGtoGlearnGmoreGaboutGthings,Gpeople,GandGevents.GInGdoingG research,G weGareGa
bleGtoGmakeGsmartGdecisions.
MarketingGresearchGisGimportantGbecauseGitGallowsGconsumersGandGproducersGtoGbecomeG m
oreG familiarG withG theG products,G goods,G andG servicesG aroundG them.G ResearchG isG importantG to
GsocietyG becauseG itG allowsG usG toG discoverG moreG andG moreG thatG mightG makeG areG livesG easier,G more
NavyaGSGMurthy,GAssistantGProfessor,GSSCASC,GTumakur 2
u
, BusinessG ResearchG Methods,G M.ComG 2ndG Sem
comfortable,
andGsafer.GItGpresentsGmoreGinformationGforGinvestigation.GThisGallowsGforGimprovementsGbasedGonGg
reaterGinformationGandGstudy.GItGisGveryGimportant.GResearchGencouragesGinterdisciplinaryG approach
esG toG findG solutionG toG problemsG andG toG makeG newG discoveries.G ResearchG isG aG basicGingredientG f
orGdevelopmentGandGthereforeGservesGasGaGmeansGforGrapidGeconomicdevelopment.
TheGmainG importanceG orG usesGmayG beGlistedGasunder:
➢ ItGprovidesG basisGforGgovernmentpolicies
➢ HelpsG inG solvingGvariousGoperationalG andG planningG problemsG ofG businessG andindustry
➢ ResearchGhelpsG inG problemsolving
➢ IsG usefulG toG students,G professionals,G philosophers,G literaryG men,G analystsG andintellectuals.
PurposeG/GAimsG /GObjectivesGofG Research
1. ToGfindG outGtheG truthGwhichG isG hiddenGandGwhichG hasG notG beenGdiscoveredGsofar.
2. AimsGatGadvancingGsystematicGknowledgeGandGformulatingGbasicGtheoriesGaboutGtheGforcesGin
fluencingG theG relationG betweenG groupsG asG wellG asG thoseG actingG onG personalityGdevelopm
entGandGisGadjustmentGwithindividuals.
3. TryGtoGimproveGtoolsGofGanalysisGorGtoGtestGtheseGagainstGtheGcomplexGhumanGbehaviourGandG
institutions.
4. ToGunderstandGsocialGlifeGandGtherebyGtoGgainGaGgreaterGmeasureGofGcontrolGoverGsocialGbeha
viour.
5. ToGprovideGanGeducationalGprogramGinGtheGaccumulatedGknowledgeGofGgroupGdynamics,GinG s
killsGofGresearch,GinGtechniquesGofGtrainingGleadersGandGinGsocialaction.
QualitiesG /GCharacteristicsG ofGAGGoodGResearch
• AG goodGresearchGmustG besystematic
• AG goodGresearchGmustG belogical
• AG goodGresearchGmustG beempirical
• AG goodGresearchGmustG beverifiable
• AsG farGasG possibleG commonGconceptsGmustG beG used
• ProcedureG followedG inG researchG mustG beG sufficientlydescribed
• ResearchGprocedureG shouldGbeG soG describedGthatG objectiveGofG researchG canG beachieved.
LimitationsG ofGResearch
NavyaGSGMurthy,GAssistantGProfessor,GSSCASC,GTumakur 3
u
, BusinessG ResearchG Methods,G M.ComG 2ndG Sem
➢ ConclusionsGinGresearchGareGbasedGuponGdataGcollected.GThereforeGwhenGtheGdataGcollectedG
areGnotGvalidGorGadequate,GtheGconclusionGwillGnotGbeGconclusiveGorappropriate.
➢ ResearchG resultsG intheory
➢ ActivitiesGinGaGsocietyGareGinfluencedGbyGvariousGinternalGandGexternalfactors
G SmallGorganizationsGcannotGaffordGtoGhaveGresearchGonGvariousissues
➢ ManyGpeopleGinGsocietyGdependGonGcustoms,Gtraditions,GroutinesGandGpracticesGforGtaking
Gdecision;GinsteadGofGgoingGforresearch.
ResearchGisGusuallyGbasedGonGsampleGstudies.GButGinGmanyGcasesGsamplesGareGnotGtrue
Grepresentatives.GThereforeGtheGresearchGreportsGbasedGonGtheseGsamplesGmayGnotGbe
Gaccurate.
TheoryGandGConcept
TheoryGisGdefinedGasGaGsetGofGsystematicallyGinterrelatedGconcepts,GdefinitionsGandGpropositionsGthatG
areGadvancedGtoGexplainGandGpredictGaGphenomenon.GItGmayGalsoGspecifyGcausalGrelationshipGamongG
variables.GAGtheoryGisGanGintegratedGbodyGofGdefinitions,Gassumptions,GandGgeneralGpropositionsGcove
ringGaGgivenGsubjectGmatterGfromGwhichGaGcomprehensiveGandGconsistentGsetGofGspecificGandGtestable
GprinciplesGcanGbeGdeductedGlogically.GThisGtheoryGprovidesGaGbasisGforGstudyingGconsumerGbehaviour
GandGformulatingGappropriateGmarketingGstrategies.
RequisitesG(Criteria)G ofGTheory
TheoryGstartsGoutGasG ideas.GTheGcriteriaG toGbeGmetG byGtheGsetGofGideasG are:
✓ TheyGmustGbeGlogicallyconsistent.
✓ TheyGmustG beinterrelated.
✓ TheG statementsG mustG beexhaustive.
✓ TheG propositionsG shouldG beG mutuallyexclusive.
✓ TheyGmustG beGcapableG ofGbeingG testedG throughresearch.
RoleGofGTheoryGinGResearch
1. TheoryG narrowsG theG rangeGofG factsGtoGbestudied
2. TheoryG providesG aG conceptualG frameworkG forG astudy
3. SummarizesG conciselyG whatG isG alreadyG knownG aboutG theG objectGofstudy.
4. TheoryG statesG aG generalG uniformityG beyondGtheG immediateobservations.
5. TheoreticalGgeneralizationGcanG beG usedGtoG predictG furtherfacts.
NavyaGSGMurthy,GAssistantGProfessor,GSSCASC,GTumakur 4
u
CHAPTER -1 BUSINESS RESEARCH
G G G
TheGwordGresearchGisGcomposedGofGtwoGsyllables,GreGandGsearch.GTheGdictionaryGdefinesGtheGf
ormerGasGaGprefixGmeaningGagain,GanewGorGoverGagainGandGtheGlatterGasGaGverbGmeaningGtoGexamineG
closelyGandGcarefully,GtoGtestGandGtry,GorGtoGprobe.GTogetherGtheyGformGaGnounGdescribingGaGcareful,Gs
ystematic,GpatientG studyG andGinvestigationGinGsomeG fieldGofGknowledge,G undertakenG toGestablishGfa
ctsGorGprinciples.
AccordingGtoGRobertGRoss,G“researchGisGessentiallyGanGinvestigation,GaGrecordingGandGanG anal
ysisGofGevidenceGforGtheGpurposeGofGgainingGknowledge.”GItGcanGgenerallyGbeGdefinedGasGaGsystematicG
methodGofGfindingGsolutionsGtoGproblems.
AGresearchGneedGnotGleadGtoGidealGsolutionGbutGitGmayGgiveGriseGtoGnewGproblemsGwhichGmayG
requireGfurtherGresearch.GInGotherGwordsGresearchGisGnotGanGendGtoGaGproblemGsinceGeveryGresearchG
givesGbirthGtoGaGnewGquestion.GItGisGcarriedGonGbothGforGdiscoveringGnewGfactsGandGverificationGofGoldG
ones.
FeaturesGofGResearch
✓ ItGmeansGtheG discoveryGofGnewknowledge
✓ IsGessentiallyG aninvestigation
✓ IsG relatedGwithGtheG solutionGofG aproblem
✓ ItGisG basedGonGobservationG orGexperimentalevidences.
✓ ItG demandsG accurateG observationG orexperimentation.
✓ InGresearch,GtheG researchersG tryG toGfindG outG answersGforGunsolvedquestions
✓ ItGshouldGbeG carefullyG recordedGandreported
BusinessG Research
BusinessGresearchGrefersGtoGsystematicGcollectionGandGanalysisGofGdataGwithGtheGpurposeGofGfi
ndingG answersG toG problemsG facingG management.G ItG canG beG carriedG outG withG theG objectiveG toGe
xplore,G toG describeG orG toG diagnoseG aG phenomenon.G ItG involvesG establishingG objectivesG andGgath
eringG relevantG informationG toG obtainG theG answerG toG aG businessG issueG andG itG canG beG conductedGt
oG answerG aG business-
G relatedG question,G suchG as:G WhatG isG theG targetG marketG ofG myG product?GBusinessG researchG canG a
lsoG beG usedG toG solveG aG business-
relatedG problem,G suchG asG determiningG howGtoGdecreaseGtheGamountGofGexcessGinventoryGonhand.
WhenG decidingG whetherG businessG researchG isG toG beG conductedG orG not,G theG firmG keepsG i
nGmindG factorsG likeG theG availabilityG ofG data,G timeG constraintsG andG theG valueG ofG theG researchGinf
ormationG toG theG company.G AdequateG planningG andG information-gatheringG areG essentialG toG derive
NavyaGSGMurthy,GAssistantGProfessor,GSSCASC,GTumakur 1
u
, BusinessG ResearchG Methods,G M.ComG 2ndG Sem
resultsGforG business.
SocialGResearch
SocialGresearchGrefersGtoGresearchconductedGbyGsocialGscientists.GItGisGtheGscientificGinvestigati
onGconductedGinGtheGfieldGofGsocialGsciencesGandGalsoGinGtheGbehavioralGsciences.GSocialGresearchGmet
hodsGcanGgenerallyGvaryGalongGaGquantitative/qualitativeGdimension.GWhileGvariousGmethodsGmayGso
metimesGbeGclassifiedGasGquantitativeGorGqualitative,GmostGmethodsGcontainG elementsG ofG both.G Soc
ialG scientistsG employG aG rangeG ofG methodsG inG orderG toG analyseG aG vastG breadthGofGsocialGphenomen
a;GfromGcensussurveyGdataGderivedGfromGmillionsGofGindividuals,GtoGtheGin-
depthGanalysisG ofG aG singleG agents'G socialG experiences;G fromG monitoringG whatG isG happeningG onGc
ontemporaryGstreets,GtoGtheGinvestigationGofGancientGhistoricalGdocuments.
TheGsocialGscienceGresearchGisGaGsystematicGmethodGofGexploring,GanalyzingGandG conceptualiz
ingGsocialGlifeGinGorderGtoGexpand,GcorrectGorGverifyGknowledgeGwhetherGthatGknowledgeGaidsGinGtheGc
onstructionGofGtheoryGorGinGtheGpracticeGofGanGart.
EducationalG Research
EducationalGResearchGisGthatGactivityGwhichGisGdirectedGtowardsGdevelopmentGofGaGscienceGofG behavi
ourGinGeducationalGsituations.GTheGultimateGaimGofGthisGresearchGisGtoGprovideGknowledgeGthatGwillG p
ermitG theG educatorG toG achieveG hisG goalsG byG mostG effectiveG methods.G EducationalG researchGrefer
sG toGaG varietyG ofGmethods,G inG whichG individualsG evaluateG differentG aspectsG ofGeducationGincludin
g:G“studentG learning,GteachingG methods,G teacherGtraining,GandG classroomG dynamics”.
EducationalGresearchersGhaveGcomeGtoGtheGconsensusGthat,GeducationalGresearchGmustGbeGco
nductedG inGaG rigorousG andGsystematicG wayG althoughGwhatG thisG impliesG isG oftenG debated.G ThereG areG
aGvarietyGofGdisciplinesGwhichGareGeachGpresentGtoGsomeGdegreeGinGeducationalGresearch.GTheseG incl
udeGpsychology,Gsociology,Ganthropology,GandGphilosophy.GTheGoverlapGinGdisciplinesGcreatesGaGbroad
G rangeG fromG whichG methodologycanG beG drawn.G TheG findingsG ofG educationalG researchG alsoGneedG
toGbeGinterpretedGwithinGtheGcontextGinGwhichGtheyGwereGdiscoveredGasGtheyGmayGnotGbeGapplicableGi
nGeveryGtimeGorGplace.
NeedG ForGResearchG (ImportanceGofG Research)
TheGmainGimportanceGofGresearchGisGtoGproduceGknowledgeGthatGcanGbeGappliedGoutsideGaGre
searchGsetting.GResearchGalsoGformsGtheGfoundationGofGprogramGdevelopmentGandGpoliciesGeverywhe
reGaroundGtheGuniverse.GItGalsoGsolvesGparticularGexistingGproblemsGofGconcern.GResearchGisGimportan
tGbecauseGweGareGableGtoGlearnGmoreGaboutGthings,Gpeople,GandGevents.GInGdoingG research,G weGareGa
bleGtoGmakeGsmartGdecisions.
MarketingGresearchGisGimportantGbecauseGitGallowsGconsumersGandGproducersGtoGbecomeG m
oreG familiarG withG theG products,G goods,G andG servicesG aroundG them.G ResearchG isG importantG to
GsocietyG becauseG itG allowsG usG toG discoverG moreG andG moreG thatG mightG makeG areG livesG easier,G more
NavyaGSGMurthy,GAssistantGProfessor,GSSCASC,GTumakur 2
u
, BusinessG ResearchG Methods,G M.ComG 2ndG Sem
comfortable,
andGsafer.GItGpresentsGmoreGinformationGforGinvestigation.GThisGallowsGforGimprovementsGbasedGonGg
reaterGinformationGandGstudy.GItGisGveryGimportant.GResearchGencouragesGinterdisciplinaryG approach
esG toG findG solutionG toG problemsG andG toG makeG newG discoveries.G ResearchG isG aG basicGingredientG f
orGdevelopmentGandGthereforeGservesGasGaGmeansGforGrapidGeconomicdevelopment.
TheGmainG importanceG orG usesGmayG beGlistedGasunder:
➢ ItGprovidesG basisGforGgovernmentpolicies
➢ HelpsG inG solvingGvariousGoperationalG andG planningG problemsG ofG businessG andindustry
➢ ResearchGhelpsG inG problemsolving
➢ IsG usefulG toG students,G professionals,G philosophers,G literaryG men,G analystsG andintellectuals.
PurposeG/GAimsG /GObjectivesGofG Research
1. ToGfindG outGtheG truthGwhichG isG hiddenGandGwhichG hasG notG beenGdiscoveredGsofar.
2. AimsGatGadvancingGsystematicGknowledgeGandGformulatingGbasicGtheoriesGaboutGtheGforcesGin
fluencingG theG relationG betweenG groupsG asG wellG asG thoseG actingG onG personalityGdevelopm
entGandGisGadjustmentGwithindividuals.
3. TryGtoGimproveGtoolsGofGanalysisGorGtoGtestGtheseGagainstGtheGcomplexGhumanGbehaviourGandG
institutions.
4. ToGunderstandGsocialGlifeGandGtherebyGtoGgainGaGgreaterGmeasureGofGcontrolGoverGsocialGbeha
viour.
5. ToGprovideGanGeducationalGprogramGinGtheGaccumulatedGknowledgeGofGgroupGdynamics,GinG s
killsGofGresearch,GinGtechniquesGofGtrainingGleadersGandGinGsocialaction.
QualitiesG /GCharacteristicsG ofGAGGoodGResearch
• AG goodGresearchGmustG besystematic
• AG goodGresearchGmustG belogical
• AG goodGresearchGmustG beempirical
• AG goodGresearchGmustG beverifiable
• AsG farGasG possibleG commonGconceptsGmustG beG used
• ProcedureG followedG inG researchG mustG beG sufficientlydescribed
• ResearchGprocedureG shouldGbeG soG describedGthatG objectiveGofG researchG canG beachieved.
LimitationsG ofGResearch
NavyaGSGMurthy,GAssistantGProfessor,GSSCASC,GTumakur 3
u
, BusinessG ResearchG Methods,G M.ComG 2ndG Sem
➢ ConclusionsGinGresearchGareGbasedGuponGdataGcollected.GThereforeGwhenGtheGdataGcollectedG
areGnotGvalidGorGadequate,GtheGconclusionGwillGnotGbeGconclusiveGorappropriate.
➢ ResearchG resultsG intheory
➢ ActivitiesGinGaGsocietyGareGinfluencedGbyGvariousGinternalGandGexternalfactors
G SmallGorganizationsGcannotGaffordGtoGhaveGresearchGonGvariousissues
➢ ManyGpeopleGinGsocietyGdependGonGcustoms,Gtraditions,GroutinesGandGpracticesGforGtaking
Gdecision;GinsteadGofGgoingGforresearch.
ResearchGisGusuallyGbasedGonGsampleGstudies.GButGinGmanyGcasesGsamplesGareGnotGtrue
Grepresentatives.GThereforeGtheGresearchGreportsGbasedGonGtheseGsamplesGmayGnotGbe
Gaccurate.
TheoryGandGConcept
TheoryGisGdefinedGasGaGsetGofGsystematicallyGinterrelatedGconcepts,GdefinitionsGandGpropositionsGthatG
areGadvancedGtoGexplainGandGpredictGaGphenomenon.GItGmayGalsoGspecifyGcausalGrelationshipGamongG
variables.GAGtheoryGisGanGintegratedGbodyGofGdefinitions,Gassumptions,GandGgeneralGpropositionsGcove
ringGaGgivenGsubjectGmatterGfromGwhichGaGcomprehensiveGandGconsistentGsetGofGspecificGandGtestable
GprinciplesGcanGbeGdeductedGlogically.GThisGtheoryGprovidesGaGbasisGforGstudyingGconsumerGbehaviour
GandGformulatingGappropriateGmarketingGstrategies.
RequisitesG(Criteria)G ofGTheory
TheoryGstartsGoutGasG ideas.GTheGcriteriaG toGbeGmetG byGtheGsetGofGideasG are:
✓ TheyGmustGbeGlogicallyconsistent.
✓ TheyGmustG beinterrelated.
✓ TheG statementsG mustG beexhaustive.
✓ TheG propositionsG shouldG beG mutuallyexclusive.
✓ TheyGmustG beGcapableG ofGbeingG testedG throughresearch.
RoleGofGTheoryGinGResearch
1. TheoryG narrowsG theG rangeGofG factsGtoGbestudied
2. TheoryG providesG aG conceptualG frameworkG forG astudy
3. SummarizesG conciselyG whatG isG alreadyG knownG aboutG theG objectGofstudy.
4. TheoryG statesG aG generalG uniformityG beyondGtheG immediateobservations.
5. TheoreticalGgeneralizationGcanG beG usedGtoG predictG furtherfacts.
NavyaGSGMurthy,GAssistantGProfessor,GSSCASC,GTumakur 4
u
