Pathophysiology Exam #1 - Porth
1. Purpose and function of the mitochondria: Machine for cellular energy. Transform food energy into ATP
2. Major components of the cell (3 components): Plasma/Cell Membrane Nucleus
Cytoplasm
3. Plasma/Cell Membrane: The cell membrane encloses the cell and provides for intracellular and intercellular
communication, transport of materials into and out of the cell, and maintenance of the electrical activities that power cell
function.
4. Nucleus: The nucleus is the control center for the cell. It also contains most of the hereditary material.
5. Cytoplasm: Contain organelles. They include the mitochondria, which supply the energy needs of the cell; the
ribosomes, which synthesize proteins and other materials needed for cell function; and the lysosomes and proteosomes, which
function as the cell's digestive system.
6. 4 Tissue Types: - Epithelial - 3 distinct surfaces, closely joined by cell adhesion molecules, and are attached firmly to a
basement membrane.
- Connective - most abundant tissue in the body, holds tissues together.
- Muscle - responsible for movement and changes in size and shape of internal organs
- Nervous - integrated communication system
7. Active transport: Any type of transport across the cell membrane that REQUIRES energy as it moves material against the
concentration gradient.
8. Passive transport: Any type of transport across the cell membrane that does NOT require energy.
9. Facilitated diffusion: Type of Passive Transport in which Molecules hitch a ride on transport proteins
10. Hypercalcemia: Occurs in normal tissues as the result of increased serum calcium levels
11. 6 Major causes of Hypercalcemia: - Hyperparathyroidism
- Phosphate retention in renal failure
- Increase release of calcium from bone as in immobilization
- Paget's disease - disorder that involves abnormal bone destruction and regrowth - Cancer with metastatic bone lesions
- Vitamin D intoxication
12. Hypercalcemia causes and its relationship to metastatic calcifications: Almost any condition that increases the
serum calcium level can lead to calcification in inappropriate sites such as the lung, renal tubules, and blood vessels.
13. Compensatory Mechanisms of Tissues: -Cells may adapt by undergoing changes in: Size, Number, Type
-Cellular stresses also include intracellular accumulations and storage of products in abnormal amounts
14. Atrophy: -Change in size (decrease)
, Pathophysiology Exam #1 - Porth
-Decreased work demands or adverse environmental conditions
-Lower more efficient level of functioning compatible with survival
15. Hypertrophy: -Change in size (increase)
Increase in amount of functioning components in the tissue mass
-Can be result of normal physiologic or abnormal pathologic conditions
16. Hyperplasia: -Change in number of cells (increase)
-Stimuli to increase number may be physiologic (compensatory) or nonphysiologic
(excessive hormone)
-Physiologic- breast & uterine enlargement with pregnancy
-Hormonal- BPH (androgen); endometrial (estrogen)
-Different process than hypertrophy - but often occur together
17. Metaplasia: -Represents reversible change - one adult cell type is replaced by another cell type
-In response to chronic irritation and inflammation
-Allows for substitution of cells that are better able to survive
18. Conditions in which metaplasia can take place: -Excessive drinking of alcohol
-Smoking
19. Dysplasia: -Deranged cell growth of specific tissue
-Results in cells that vary in size, shape and organization
-Minor degrees associated with irritation or inflammation
-Adaptive and potentially reversible if cause eliminated
-Strongly implicated as a precursor of cancer
20. Intracellular Accumulations: -Represent the build-up of substances that cells cannot immediately use or eliminate
-Grouped into 3 categories
1) Normal body substances (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, melanin and bilirubin)- fatty liver
2) Abnormal endogenous products (inborn errors of metabolism)
3) Exogenous products such as environmental agents and pigments that cannot be broken down- jaundice
21. Gram-negative bacteria harms cells, how?: They release endotoxins from lipopolysaccharides that cause cell injury
and increased capillary permeability.
22. Cardinal Signs of Inflammation: 1. Rubor or redness
1. Purpose and function of the mitochondria: Machine for cellular energy. Transform food energy into ATP
2. Major components of the cell (3 components): Plasma/Cell Membrane Nucleus
Cytoplasm
3. Plasma/Cell Membrane: The cell membrane encloses the cell and provides for intracellular and intercellular
communication, transport of materials into and out of the cell, and maintenance of the electrical activities that power cell
function.
4. Nucleus: The nucleus is the control center for the cell. It also contains most of the hereditary material.
5. Cytoplasm: Contain organelles. They include the mitochondria, which supply the energy needs of the cell; the
ribosomes, which synthesize proteins and other materials needed for cell function; and the lysosomes and proteosomes, which
function as the cell's digestive system.
6. 4 Tissue Types: - Epithelial - 3 distinct surfaces, closely joined by cell adhesion molecules, and are attached firmly to a
basement membrane.
- Connective - most abundant tissue in the body, holds tissues together.
- Muscle - responsible for movement and changes in size and shape of internal organs
- Nervous - integrated communication system
7. Active transport: Any type of transport across the cell membrane that REQUIRES energy as it moves material against the
concentration gradient.
8. Passive transport: Any type of transport across the cell membrane that does NOT require energy.
9. Facilitated diffusion: Type of Passive Transport in which Molecules hitch a ride on transport proteins
10. Hypercalcemia: Occurs in normal tissues as the result of increased serum calcium levels
11. 6 Major causes of Hypercalcemia: - Hyperparathyroidism
- Phosphate retention in renal failure
- Increase release of calcium from bone as in immobilization
- Paget's disease - disorder that involves abnormal bone destruction and regrowth - Cancer with metastatic bone lesions
- Vitamin D intoxication
12. Hypercalcemia causes and its relationship to metastatic calcifications: Almost any condition that increases the
serum calcium level can lead to calcification in inappropriate sites such as the lung, renal tubules, and blood vessels.
13. Compensatory Mechanisms of Tissues: -Cells may adapt by undergoing changes in: Size, Number, Type
-Cellular stresses also include intracellular accumulations and storage of products in abnormal amounts
14. Atrophy: -Change in size (decrease)
, Pathophysiology Exam #1 - Porth
-Decreased work demands or adverse environmental conditions
-Lower more efficient level of functioning compatible with survival
15. Hypertrophy: -Change in size (increase)
Increase in amount of functioning components in the tissue mass
-Can be result of normal physiologic or abnormal pathologic conditions
16. Hyperplasia: -Change in number of cells (increase)
-Stimuli to increase number may be physiologic (compensatory) or nonphysiologic
(excessive hormone)
-Physiologic- breast & uterine enlargement with pregnancy
-Hormonal- BPH (androgen); endometrial (estrogen)
-Different process than hypertrophy - but often occur together
17. Metaplasia: -Represents reversible change - one adult cell type is replaced by another cell type
-In response to chronic irritation and inflammation
-Allows for substitution of cells that are better able to survive
18. Conditions in which metaplasia can take place: -Excessive drinking of alcohol
-Smoking
19. Dysplasia: -Deranged cell growth of specific tissue
-Results in cells that vary in size, shape and organization
-Minor degrees associated with irritation or inflammation
-Adaptive and potentially reversible if cause eliminated
-Strongly implicated as a precursor of cancer
20. Intracellular Accumulations: -Represent the build-up of substances that cells cannot immediately use or eliminate
-Grouped into 3 categories
1) Normal body substances (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, melanin and bilirubin)- fatty liver
2) Abnormal endogenous products (inborn errors of metabolism)
3) Exogenous products such as environmental agents and pigments that cannot be broken down- jaundice
21. Gram-negative bacteria harms cells, how?: They release endotoxins from lipopolysaccharides that cause cell injury
and increased capillary permeability.
22. Cardinal Signs of Inflammation: 1. Rubor or redness
