LS 15 PHELAN UCLA FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2024-2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
dawn ashworth and lynda mann murders - (answer) one man confessed only to the second murder
alec jeffreys investigating how to test for DNA - 1985
found that perpetrators of the crime were the same, but it wasn't the guy who confessed
got voluntary blood and saliva samples
colin pitchfork
fingerprint for crime identification - (answer) has been in use for hundreds of years
good for property ones
turn into numerical code based on these parts
why are we interested in dna fingerprinting? - (answer) real fingerprints not left behind in many crimes
they are essentially unique
real fingerprints are - (answer) entirely unique
dna fingerprinting uses - (answer) solve unsolvable crimes
resolve paternity issues
can prove innocence of people unjustly convicted
immigration
dna is - (answer) a long sequence of letters that carry the info of how to build molecules for the body
A or T, G or C - (answer) match up
how much "spelling" difference is there between individuals? - (answer) 99.9% of it exactly the same
different enough: 3 M diff base pairs
,LS 15 PHELAN UCLA FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2024-2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
on average, indiv differ in their dna sequence at - (answer) 0.1% of their bases: 3M differences out of
3B base pairs
blood - (answer) can isolate cells that came from perpetrators, get to repeating parts, indication -
random population to compare to
short tandem repeats (STRs) - (answer) repeating units, usually 4-5 nucleotides long
diff alleles may repeat different amount of times
call it a locus: location on chromosome
noncoding - doesn't code for any product, protein, built, etc. "junk dna"
nucleotides - (answer) A, T, C, G
supposed there are 10 alleles for str 1, each with the same frequency in the population. what is the
likelihood that a random person has the same genotype as the perpetrator's DNA found at a crime
scene? - (answer) 1/100 (why???)
homozygous - (answer) has to inherit same allele, same for STRs
10, 10 x 12, 14 not homozygous if 10 12 or 10 14
more questions about possible STR allele combos - (answer) cross them like a punnett suqare still
for an str locus -> many (2 or 3 dozen or even more!) - (answer) alleles exist within the population, but
each individual can only have two of them
many individuals have different - (answer) STR loci: at different pace and how many of them
creating a DNA fingerprint - (answer) 1. dna fragment containing each STR region is amplified. results in
huge numbers of those fragments
2. fragments separated by size, using electrophoresis
,LS 15 PHELAN UCLA FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2024-2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
3. str region is stained on gel
US combined DNA index system (CODIS) database includes - (answer) 20 STR, scattered across human
genome.
human paternity testing - (answer) analyzing 1 locus
what do the bands represent?
- represent fragment that's been cut on each side, amount of distance related to how many repeats
there are.
which pair of people are the parents of each?
dna fingerprinting challenges and controversies - (answer) 1. overlap of strs
2. how many strs should we compare?
3. how likely is a match? multiply 4 probabilities of matching 1 band by each other. -> can juries
understand this?
4. are there subpopulation differences? does it matter if every person within a subpopulation has the
same alleles for an str? why?
5. do humans make mistakes?
6. how sure do we wanna be?
what are some things that living systems need? - (answer) fuel
1. raw materials for growth
2. energy to do things that won't happen spontaneously (ex: walking, growing new tissue, adding muscle
mass, reproduction)
fuel comes from - (answer) energy stored in chemical bonds
who creates energy initially? - (answer) photosynthetic organisms
how to release energy - (answer) breaking bonds that are lower
, LS 15 PHELAN UCLA FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2024-2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
photosynthesis - (answer) put energy in from the sun, building up bonds in carbs that are later
converted
photosynthesis is like - (answer) eating in reverse
what is doing "work" - (answer) breaking bonds and reforming new bonds releases energy that can be
harnessed to do "work"
how do we power machines? - (answer) gasoline and many other fuels
but for our purposes: break the bond, form a bond at lower energy, harness extra energy to do stuff
hydrocarbons - (answer) molecules with chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms (5-12 carbons)
car engines - (answer) combust hydrocarbons, forming new bonds, releasing energy that can be
harnessed
examples - (answer) heptane (gasoline) has 16 Hs, methane has 4 Hs, propane has 8 Hs
biofuels - (answer) are natural oils from plants, or sugar/starches modified into ethanol
still Hs connected to carbon that are going to combust somehow. they have different outcomes
lipids - (answer) not water soluble
major storehouses of energy
good insulators
for storing and generating useful energy
molecules in dirt have chemical bonds. why don't we eat dirt? - (answer) it doesn't...
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
dawn ashworth and lynda mann murders - (answer) one man confessed only to the second murder
alec jeffreys investigating how to test for DNA - 1985
found that perpetrators of the crime were the same, but it wasn't the guy who confessed
got voluntary blood and saliva samples
colin pitchfork
fingerprint for crime identification - (answer) has been in use for hundreds of years
good for property ones
turn into numerical code based on these parts
why are we interested in dna fingerprinting? - (answer) real fingerprints not left behind in many crimes
they are essentially unique
real fingerprints are - (answer) entirely unique
dna fingerprinting uses - (answer) solve unsolvable crimes
resolve paternity issues
can prove innocence of people unjustly convicted
immigration
dna is - (answer) a long sequence of letters that carry the info of how to build molecules for the body
A or T, G or C - (answer) match up
how much "spelling" difference is there between individuals? - (answer) 99.9% of it exactly the same
different enough: 3 M diff base pairs
,LS 15 PHELAN UCLA FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2024-2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
on average, indiv differ in their dna sequence at - (answer) 0.1% of their bases: 3M differences out of
3B base pairs
blood - (answer) can isolate cells that came from perpetrators, get to repeating parts, indication -
random population to compare to
short tandem repeats (STRs) - (answer) repeating units, usually 4-5 nucleotides long
diff alleles may repeat different amount of times
call it a locus: location on chromosome
noncoding - doesn't code for any product, protein, built, etc. "junk dna"
nucleotides - (answer) A, T, C, G
supposed there are 10 alleles for str 1, each with the same frequency in the population. what is the
likelihood that a random person has the same genotype as the perpetrator's DNA found at a crime
scene? - (answer) 1/100 (why???)
homozygous - (answer) has to inherit same allele, same for STRs
10, 10 x 12, 14 not homozygous if 10 12 or 10 14
more questions about possible STR allele combos - (answer) cross them like a punnett suqare still
for an str locus -> many (2 or 3 dozen or even more!) - (answer) alleles exist within the population, but
each individual can only have two of them
many individuals have different - (answer) STR loci: at different pace and how many of them
creating a DNA fingerprint - (answer) 1. dna fragment containing each STR region is amplified. results in
huge numbers of those fragments
2. fragments separated by size, using electrophoresis
,LS 15 PHELAN UCLA FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2024-2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
3. str region is stained on gel
US combined DNA index system (CODIS) database includes - (answer) 20 STR, scattered across human
genome.
human paternity testing - (answer) analyzing 1 locus
what do the bands represent?
- represent fragment that's been cut on each side, amount of distance related to how many repeats
there are.
which pair of people are the parents of each?
dna fingerprinting challenges and controversies - (answer) 1. overlap of strs
2. how many strs should we compare?
3. how likely is a match? multiply 4 probabilities of matching 1 band by each other. -> can juries
understand this?
4. are there subpopulation differences? does it matter if every person within a subpopulation has the
same alleles for an str? why?
5. do humans make mistakes?
6. how sure do we wanna be?
what are some things that living systems need? - (answer) fuel
1. raw materials for growth
2. energy to do things that won't happen spontaneously (ex: walking, growing new tissue, adding muscle
mass, reproduction)
fuel comes from - (answer) energy stored in chemical bonds
who creates energy initially? - (answer) photosynthetic organisms
how to release energy - (answer) breaking bonds that are lower
, LS 15 PHELAN UCLA FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2024-2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
photosynthesis - (answer) put energy in from the sun, building up bonds in carbs that are later
converted
photosynthesis is like - (answer) eating in reverse
what is doing "work" - (answer) breaking bonds and reforming new bonds releases energy that can be
harnessed to do "work"
how do we power machines? - (answer) gasoline and many other fuels
but for our purposes: break the bond, form a bond at lower energy, harness extra energy to do stuff
hydrocarbons - (answer) molecules with chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms (5-12 carbons)
car engines - (answer) combust hydrocarbons, forming new bonds, releasing energy that can be
harnessed
examples - (answer) heptane (gasoline) has 16 Hs, methane has 4 Hs, propane has 8 Hs
biofuels - (answer) are natural oils from plants, or sugar/starches modified into ethanol
still Hs connected to carbon that are going to combust somehow. they have different outcomes
lipids - (answer) not water soluble
major storehouses of energy
good insulators
for storing and generating useful energy
molecules in dirt have chemical bonds. why don't we eat dirt? - (answer) it doesn't...
