PSY 324 Exam 2 Questions With Multiple Choices And Verified Answers.

Schemes - correct answer specific psychological structures that are organized ways of making sense of experience Schemes are first ____ and then become ______ - correct answer first PHYSICAL ACTIONS then MENTAL STRUCTURES (images and concepts) Mental Representation - correct answer internal depictions of information that the mind can minipulate Mental Representation related to Schemes - correct answer most powerful mental representations are images and concepts Mental Representation develops in... - correct answer last substage of the sensorimotor stage Mental representation is the cognitive achievement that makrs the transition to - correct answer preoperational thought Adaptation - correct answer building schemes through direct interaction with the enviornment Adaptation is designed to result in a more effective interaction between... - correct answer the organism and the enviornment changing our ideas to become more effective to the environment= - correct answer accommodation changing the environment to be more effective= - correct answer assimilation everything you do that leads to a better relationship between you and your environment, whether it involves changing yourself or changing your environment is... - correct answer adaptive Assimilation - correct answer use current schemes to interpret the external world accommodation - correct answer create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that our current way of thinking doesn't capture the environment completely Operations - correct answer mental representations of actions that obey logical rules (limited to one aspect of a situation at a time and strongly influenced by the way things appear at the moment) Limitations of preoperational thought include: - correct answer -centration -irreversibility limitations are related to... - correct answer lack of operational (logical) schemes egocentrism - correct answer failure to distinguish other's symbolic viewpoints from one's own -focusing on their own point of view; assume that others perceive, think, and feel the same way they do T/F: an egotisitcal person is aware that other people have different viewpoints or feelings, but thinks they're wrong - correct answer True T/F: when a child's thinking is described as egocentric, there is no implication that the child is choosing his or her viewpoint over the views of others - correct answer True Conservation - correct answer the idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes Conservation preoperational thinking - correct answer 2 glasses of same amount of water; 1 is poured into smaller, wider glass= child thinks that the shorter glass has less than the taller glass conservation preoperational thinking: liquid and pennies - correct answer pennies= depends on number of pennies and their placement liquid= volume is determined by height and width T/F: the ability to organize concepts into hierarchies is a major characteristic of preoperational thought - correct answer FALSE, operational thought centration - correct answer focus on 1 aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features (understanding is centered) reversibility - correct answer the ability to go through a series of steps in a problem and then mentally reverse direction, returning to the starting point "lack of hierarchical classification" - correct answer lack of the organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences lack of hierarchical classification leads to failure in class inclusion problems... - correct answer 16 total flowers 4 blue 12 red "are there more red flowers or flowers?" preoperational child says: flowers because they fail to realize that both the red and blue flowers are included in the category "flowers" center on the overriding feature, red; don't think reversibly, moving from the whole class (flowers) to the parts (red and blue) and back again. concrete operational thought stage - correct answer -7-11 years old -major turning point in cognitive development -thought becomes far more logical, flexible, and organized concrete operations are ___ ___ ____ - correct answer logical mental operations (can only be applied to actual "concrete" objects or events. NOT hypothetical or abstract ideas) the ability to pass conservation tasks provides clear evidence of... - correct answer -mental actions that obey logical rules (operations) decentration - correct answer focusing on several aspects of a problem and relating them, rather than centering on only one Formal Operational Thought (stage) - correct answer -age 11 -develp the capacity for abstract, systematic, scientific thinking Difference between concrete operational thought and formal operational thought= - correct answer -concrete= "operate on reality" -formal= "operate on operations" and no longer require concrete things or events as objects of thought applying operations to abstract concepts results in... (2) - correct answer hypothetico-deductive reasoning and propositional thought Hypothetico-deductive reasoning - correct answer when faced with a problem, they start with a hypothesis, or prediction about variables that might affect an outcome, from which they deduce logical testable inferences. Then they systematically isolate and combine variables to see which of these inferences are confirmed in the real world. 2 cognitive distortions related to the onset of formal operational thought= - correct answer 1. Imaginary audience 2. Personal Fable Imaginary audience= - correct answer adolescents' belief that they are the focus of everyone else's attention and concern Personal Fable= - correct answer certain that others are observing and thinking about them, teenagers develop an inflated opinion of their own importance-- a feeling that they are special and unique Advances in what, contribute to adolescents' imaginary audience and personal fable beliefs? - correct answer PERSPECTIVE TAKING (achievement of recursive thought) Recursive thought= - correct answer self-reflective perspective taking, which includes the ability to step into another person's shoes and look back at the self DISCOVERY LEARNING (and how it fits with Piaget's concept of adaptation as the fundamental process of development) - correct answer -kids are encouraged to discover for themselves through spontaneous interaction with the environment -teachers provide variety of activities to promote exploration ex. art, puzzles, dress-up, building blocks, books, musical instruments READINESS (related to Piaget's theory) - correct answer -teachers introduce activities that build on children's current thinking, challenging their inc