Test Bank for Campbell Biology 12th Edition
g g g g g g g
5′gcapg-
gANSWERgggAgmodifiedgformgofgguaninegnucleotidegaddedgontogtheg5′gendgofgagpre-
mRNAgmolecule.
Agsiteg-
gANSWERgggOnegofgagribosome'sgthreegbindinggsitesgforgtRNAgduringgtranslation.gThegAg
sitegholdsgthegtRNAgcarryinggthegnextgaminogacidgtogbegaddedgtogthegpolypeptidegchain.g
(AgstandsgforgaminoacylgtRNA.)
ABCghypothesisg-
gANSWERgggAgmodelgofgflowergformationgidentifyinggthreegclassesgofgorgangidentityggen
esgthatgdirectgformationgofgthegfourgtypesgofgfloralgorgans.
abioticg(ā′-bī-ot′-ik)g-
gANSWERgggNonliving;greferringgtogthegphysicalgandgchemicalgpropertiesgofgangenviron
ment.
abortiong-gANSWERgggThegterminationgofgagpregnancygingprogress.
abscisicgacidg(ABA)g(ab-sis′-ik)g-
gANSWERgggAgplantghormonegthatgslowsggrowth,goftengantagonizinggthegactionsgofggrow
thghormones.gTwogofgitsgmanygeffectsgaregtogpromotegseedgdormancygandgfacilitategdro
ughtgtolerance.
absorptiong-
gANSWERgggThegthirdgstagegofgfoodgprocessingginganimals:gtheguptakegof gsmallgnutrientg
moleculesgbygangorganism'sgbody.
absorptiongspectrumg-
gANSWERgggThegrangegofgagpigment'sgabilitygtogabsorbgvariousgwavelengthsgofglight;gals
ogaggraphgofgsuchgagrange.
abyssalgzoneg(uh-bis′-ul)g-
gANSWERgggThegpartgofgthegocean'sgbenthicgzonegbetweeng2,000gandg6,000gmgdeep.
acanthodiang(ak′-an-thō′-dē-un)g-
gANSWERgggAnygofgaggroupgofgancientgjawedgaquaticgvertebratesgfromgthegSiluriangandg
Devoniangperiods.
accessorygfruitg-
gANSWERgggAgfruit,gorgassemblagegofgfruits,gingwhichgthegfleshygpartsgaregderivedglargel
ygorgentirelygfromgtissuesgothergthangthegovary.
acclimatizationg(uh-klī′-muh-tīg-zā′-shun)g-
gANSWERgggPhysiologicalgadjustmentgtogagchangegingangenvironmentalgfactor.
,acetylgCoAg-
gANSWERgggAcetylgcoenzymegA;gthegentrygcompoundgforgthegcitricgacidgcyclegingcellularg
respiration,gformedgfromgagtwo-carbongfragmentgofgpyruvategattachedgtogagcoenzyme.
acetylcholineg(as′-uh-til-kō′-lēn)g-
gANSWERgggOnegofgthegmostgcommongneurotransmitters;gfunctionsgbygbindinggtogrecep
torsgandgalteringgthegpermeabilitygofgthegpostsynapticgmembranegtogspecificgions,geither
gdepolarizinggorghyperpolarizing gthegmembrane.
acidg-
gANSWERgggAgsubstancegthatgincreasesgtheghydrogengiongconcentrationgofgagsolution.
acoelomateg(uh-sē′-lō-māt)g-gANSWERgggAgsolid-
bodiedganimalglackinggagcavitygbetweengtheggutgandgoutergbodygwall.
acquiredgimmunodeficiencygsyndromeg(AIDS)g-
gANSWERgggThegsymptomsgandgsignsgpresentgduringgtheglategstagesgofgHIVginfection,gd
efinedgbygagspecifiedgreductiongingthegnumbergofgTgcellsgandgthegappearancegofgcharact
eristicgsecondaryginfections.
acrosomalgreactiong(ak′-ruh-sōm′-ul)g-
gANSWERgggThegdischargegofghydrolyticgenzymesgfromgthegacrosome,gagvesiclegingthegti
pgofgagsperm,gwhengthegspermgapproachesgorgcontactsgangegg.
acrosomeg(ak′-ruh-sōm)g-
gANSWERgggAgvesiclegingthegtipgofgagspermgcontainingghydrolyticgenzymesgandgothergpr
oteinsgthatghelpgthegspermgreachgthegegg.
acting(ak′-tin)g-
gANSWERgggAgglobulargproteingthatglinksgintogchains,gtwogofgwhichgtwistghelicallygaboutg
eachgother,gforminggmicrofilamentsg(actingfilaments)gingmusclegandgothergkindsgofgcells.
actiongpotentialg-
gANSWERgggAngelectricalgsignalgthatgpropagatesg(travels)galonggthegmembranegofgagneu
rongorgothergexcitablegcellgasgagnongradedg(all-or-none)gdepolarization.
actiongspectrumg-
gANSWERgggAggraphgthatgprofilesgthegrelativegeffectivenessgofgdifferentgwavelengthsgofgr
adiationgingdrivinggagparticulargprocess.
activationgenergyg-
gANSWERgggThegamountgofgenergygthatgreactantsgmustgabsorbgbeforegagchemicalgreacti
ongwillgstart;galsogcalledgfreegenergygofgactivation.
activatorg-
gANSWERgggAgproteingthatgbindsgtogDNAgandgstimulatesggenegtranscription.gIngprokaryo
tes,gactivatorsgbindgingorgneargthegpromoter;gingeukaryotes,gactivatorsggenerallygbindgtog
controlgelementsgingenhancers.
,activegimmunityg-gANSWERgggLong-
lastinggimmunitygconferredgbygthegactiongofgBgcellsgandgTgcellsgandgthegresultinggBgandg
Tgmemorygcellsgspecificgforgagpathogen.gActivegimmunitygcangdevelopgasgagresultgofgnat
uralginfectiongorgimmunization.
activegsiteg-
gANSWERgggThegspecificgregiongofgangenzymegthatgbindsgthegsubstrategandgthatgformsgt
hegpocketgingwhichgcatalysisgoccurs.
activegtransportg-
gANSWERgggThegmovementgofgagsubstancegacrossgagcellgmembranegagainstgitsgconcen
trationgorgelectrochemicalggradient,gmediatedgbygspecificgtransportgproteinsgandgrequiri
nggangexpendituregofgenergy.
adaptationg-
gANSWERgggInheritedgcharacteristicgofgangorganismgthatgenhancesgitsgsurvivalgandgrepr
oductiongingagspecificgenvironment.
adaptivegevolutiong-
gANSWERgggEvolutiongthatgresultsgingagbettergmatchgbetweengorganismsgandgtheirgenvir
onment.
adaptivegimmunityg-gANSWERgggAgvertebrate-
specificgdefensegthatgisgmediatedgbygBglymphocytesg(Bgcells)gandgTglymphocytesg(Tgcell
s)gandgthatgexhibitsgspecificity,gmemory,gandgself-
nonselfgrecognition;galsogcalledgacquiredgimmunity.
adaptivegradiationg-
gANSWERgggPeriodgofgevolutionarygchangegingwhichggroupsgofgorganismsgformgmanygn
ewgspeciesgwhosegadaptationsgallowgthemgtogfillgdifferentgecologicalgrolesgingtheirgcom
munities.
additiongruleg-
gANSWERgggAgrulegofgprobabilitygstatinggthatgthegprobabilitygofganygonegof gtwogorgmoregm
utuallygexclusivegeventsgoccurringgcangbegdeterminedgbygaddinggtheirgindividualgproba
bilities.
adenylylgcyclaseg(uh-den′-uh-lil)g-
gANSWERgggAngenzymegthatgconvertsgATPgtogcyclicgAMPgingresponsegtogangextracellula
rgsignal.
adhesiong-
gANSWERgggThegclinginggofgonegsubstancegtoganother,gsuchgasgwatergtogplantgcellgwallsg
bygmeansgofghydrogengbonds.
adiposegtissueg-
gANSWERgggAgconnectivegtissuegthatginsulatesgthegbodygandgservesgasgagfuelgreserve;gc
ontainsgfat-storinggcellsgcalledgadiposegcells.
, adrenalgglandg(uh-drē′-nul)g-
gANSWERgggOnegofgtwogendocrinegglandsglocatedgadjacentgtogthegkidneysgingmammals.
gEndocrinegcellsgingthegoutergportiong(cortex)grespondgtogadrenocorticotropicghormoneg(
ACTH)gbygsecretinggsteroidghormonesgthatghelpgmaintainghomeostasisgduringglong-
termgstress.gNeurosecretorygcellsgingthegcentralgportiong(medulla)gsecretegepinephrineg
andgnorepinephrinegingresponsegtognervegsignalsgtriggeredgbygshort-termgstress.
aerobicgrespirationg-
gANSWERgggAgcatabolicgpathwaygforgorganicgmolecules,gusinggoxygen g(O2)(O2)gasgtheg
finalgelectrongacceptorgingangelectrongtransportgchaingandgultimatelygproducinggATP.gTh
isgisgthegmostgefficientgcatabolicgpathwaygandgisgcarriedgoutgingmostgeukaryoticgcellsgand
gmanygprokaryoticgorganisms.
agegstructureg-
gANSWERgggThegrelativegnumbergofgindividualsgofgeachgagegingagpopulation.
aggregategfruitg-
gANSWERgggAgfruitgderivedgfromgagsinglegflowergthatghasgmoregthangonegcarpel.
AIDSg(acquiredgimmunodeficiencygsyndrome)g-
gANSWERgggThegsymptomsgandgsignsgpresentgduringgtheglategstagesgofgHIVginfection,gd
efinedgbygagspecifiedgreductiongingthegnumbergofgTgcellsgandgthegappearancegofgcharact
eristicgsecondaryginfections.
alcoholgfermentationg-
gANSWERgggGlycolysisgfollowedgbygthegreductiongofgpyruvategtogethylgalcohol,gregenera
tinggNAD+NAD+gandgreleasinggcarbongdioxide.
algag(plural,galgae)g-
gANSWERgggAggeneralgtermgforganygspeciesgofgphotosyntheticgprotist,gincludinggbothguni
cellulargandgmulticellulargforms.gAlgalgspeciesgaregincludedgingthreegeukaryotegsupergr
oupsg(Excavata,gSAR,gandgArchaeplastida).
alimentarygcanalg(al′-uh-men′-tuh-rē)g-
gANSWERgggAgcompletegdigestivegtract,gconsistinggofgagtubegrunninggbetweengagmouthg
andganganus.
alkalinegventg-gANSWERgggAgdeep-
seaghydrothermalgventgthatgreleasesgwatergthatgisgwarmg(40-
90°C)grathergthanghotgandgthatghasgaghighgpHg(isgbasic).gThesegventsgconsistgofgtinygpor
esglinedgwithgirongandgothergcatalyticgmineralsgthatgsomegscientistsghypothesizegmightgh
avegbeengtheglocationgofgthegearliestgabioticgsynthesisgofgorganicgcompounds.
alleleg(uh-lē′-ul)g-
gANSWERgggAnygofgthegalternativegversionsgofgaggenegthatgmaygproducegdistinguishable
gphenotypicgeffects.
allopatricgspeciationg(al′-uh-pat′-rik)g-
gANSWERgggThegformationgofgnewgspeciesgingpopulationsgthatgareggeographicallygisolat
edgfromgoneganother.
g g g g g g g
5′gcapg-
gANSWERgggAgmodifiedgformgofgguaninegnucleotidegaddedgontogtheg5′gendgofgagpre-
mRNAgmolecule.
Agsiteg-
gANSWERgggOnegofgagribosome'sgthreegbindinggsitesgforgtRNAgduringgtranslation.gThegAg
sitegholdsgthegtRNAgcarryinggthegnextgaminogacidgtogbegaddedgtogthegpolypeptidegchain.g
(AgstandsgforgaminoacylgtRNA.)
ABCghypothesisg-
gANSWERgggAgmodelgofgflowergformationgidentifyinggthreegclassesgofgorgangidentityggen
esgthatgdirectgformationgofgthegfourgtypesgofgfloralgorgans.
abioticg(ā′-bī-ot′-ik)g-
gANSWERgggNonliving;greferringgtogthegphysicalgandgchemicalgpropertiesgofgangenviron
ment.
abortiong-gANSWERgggThegterminationgofgagpregnancygingprogress.
abscisicgacidg(ABA)g(ab-sis′-ik)g-
gANSWERgggAgplantghormonegthatgslowsggrowth,goftengantagonizinggthegactionsgofggrow
thghormones.gTwogofgitsgmanygeffectsgaregtogpromotegseedgdormancygandgfacilitategdro
ughtgtolerance.
absorptiong-
gANSWERgggThegthirdgstagegofgfoodgprocessingginganimals:gtheguptakegof gsmallgnutrientg
moleculesgbygangorganism'sgbody.
absorptiongspectrumg-
gANSWERgggThegrangegofgagpigment'sgabilitygtogabsorbgvariousgwavelengthsgofglight;gals
ogaggraphgofgsuchgagrange.
abyssalgzoneg(uh-bis′-ul)g-
gANSWERgggThegpartgofgthegocean'sgbenthicgzonegbetweeng2,000gandg6,000gmgdeep.
acanthodiang(ak′-an-thō′-dē-un)g-
gANSWERgggAnygofgaggroupgofgancientgjawedgaquaticgvertebratesgfromgthegSiluriangandg
Devoniangperiods.
accessorygfruitg-
gANSWERgggAgfruit,gorgassemblagegofgfruits,gingwhichgthegfleshygpartsgaregderivedglargel
ygorgentirelygfromgtissuesgothergthangthegovary.
acclimatizationg(uh-klī′-muh-tīg-zā′-shun)g-
gANSWERgggPhysiologicalgadjustmentgtogagchangegingangenvironmentalgfactor.
,acetylgCoAg-
gANSWERgggAcetylgcoenzymegA;gthegentrygcompoundgforgthegcitricgacidgcyclegingcellularg
respiration,gformedgfromgagtwo-carbongfragmentgofgpyruvategattachedgtogagcoenzyme.
acetylcholineg(as′-uh-til-kō′-lēn)g-
gANSWERgggOnegofgthegmostgcommongneurotransmitters;gfunctionsgbygbindinggtogrecep
torsgandgalteringgthegpermeabilitygofgthegpostsynapticgmembranegtogspecificgions,geither
gdepolarizinggorghyperpolarizing gthegmembrane.
acidg-
gANSWERgggAgsubstancegthatgincreasesgtheghydrogengiongconcentrationgofgagsolution.
acoelomateg(uh-sē′-lō-māt)g-gANSWERgggAgsolid-
bodiedganimalglackinggagcavitygbetweengtheggutgandgoutergbodygwall.
acquiredgimmunodeficiencygsyndromeg(AIDS)g-
gANSWERgggThegsymptomsgandgsignsgpresentgduringgtheglategstagesgofgHIVginfection,gd
efinedgbygagspecifiedgreductiongingthegnumbergofgTgcellsgandgthegappearancegofgcharact
eristicgsecondaryginfections.
acrosomalgreactiong(ak′-ruh-sōm′-ul)g-
gANSWERgggThegdischargegofghydrolyticgenzymesgfromgthegacrosome,gagvesiclegingthegti
pgofgagsperm,gwhengthegspermgapproachesgorgcontactsgangegg.
acrosomeg(ak′-ruh-sōm)g-
gANSWERgggAgvesiclegingthegtipgofgagspermgcontainingghydrolyticgenzymesgandgothergpr
oteinsgthatghelpgthegspermgreachgthegegg.
acting(ak′-tin)g-
gANSWERgggAgglobulargproteingthatglinksgintogchains,gtwogofgwhichgtwistghelicallygaboutg
eachgother,gforminggmicrofilamentsg(actingfilaments)gingmusclegandgothergkindsgofgcells.
actiongpotentialg-
gANSWERgggAngelectricalgsignalgthatgpropagatesg(travels)galonggthegmembranegofgagneu
rongorgothergexcitablegcellgasgagnongradedg(all-or-none)gdepolarization.
actiongspectrumg-
gANSWERgggAggraphgthatgprofilesgthegrelativegeffectivenessgofgdifferentgwavelengthsgofgr
adiationgingdrivinggagparticulargprocess.
activationgenergyg-
gANSWERgggThegamountgofgenergygthatgreactantsgmustgabsorbgbeforegagchemicalgreacti
ongwillgstart;galsogcalledgfreegenergygofgactivation.
activatorg-
gANSWERgggAgproteingthatgbindsgtogDNAgandgstimulatesggenegtranscription.gIngprokaryo
tes,gactivatorsgbindgingorgneargthegpromoter;gingeukaryotes,gactivatorsggenerallygbindgtog
controlgelementsgingenhancers.
,activegimmunityg-gANSWERgggLong-
lastinggimmunitygconferredgbygthegactiongofgBgcellsgandgTgcellsgandgthegresultinggBgandg
Tgmemorygcellsgspecificgforgagpathogen.gActivegimmunitygcangdevelopgasgagresultgofgnat
uralginfectiongorgimmunization.
activegsiteg-
gANSWERgggThegspecificgregiongofgangenzymegthatgbindsgthegsubstrategandgthatgformsgt
hegpocketgingwhichgcatalysisgoccurs.
activegtransportg-
gANSWERgggThegmovementgofgagsubstancegacrossgagcellgmembranegagainstgitsgconcen
trationgorgelectrochemicalggradient,gmediatedgbygspecificgtransportgproteinsgandgrequiri
nggangexpendituregofgenergy.
adaptationg-
gANSWERgggInheritedgcharacteristicgofgangorganismgthatgenhancesgitsgsurvivalgandgrepr
oductiongingagspecificgenvironment.
adaptivegevolutiong-
gANSWERgggEvolutiongthatgresultsgingagbettergmatchgbetweengorganismsgandgtheirgenvir
onment.
adaptivegimmunityg-gANSWERgggAgvertebrate-
specificgdefensegthatgisgmediatedgbygBglymphocytesg(Bgcells)gandgTglymphocytesg(Tgcell
s)gandgthatgexhibitsgspecificity,gmemory,gandgself-
nonselfgrecognition;galsogcalledgacquiredgimmunity.
adaptivegradiationg-
gANSWERgggPeriodgofgevolutionarygchangegingwhichggroupsgofgorganismsgformgmanygn
ewgspeciesgwhosegadaptationsgallowgthemgtogfillgdifferentgecologicalgrolesgingtheirgcom
munities.
additiongruleg-
gANSWERgggAgrulegofgprobabilitygstatinggthatgthegprobabilitygofganygonegof gtwogorgmoregm
utuallygexclusivegeventsgoccurringgcangbegdeterminedgbygaddinggtheirgindividualgproba
bilities.
adenylylgcyclaseg(uh-den′-uh-lil)g-
gANSWERgggAngenzymegthatgconvertsgATPgtogcyclicgAMPgingresponsegtogangextracellula
rgsignal.
adhesiong-
gANSWERgggThegclinginggofgonegsubstancegtoganother,gsuchgasgwatergtogplantgcellgwallsg
bygmeansgofghydrogengbonds.
adiposegtissueg-
gANSWERgggAgconnectivegtissuegthatginsulatesgthegbodygandgservesgasgagfuelgreserve;gc
ontainsgfat-storinggcellsgcalledgadiposegcells.
, adrenalgglandg(uh-drē′-nul)g-
gANSWERgggOnegofgtwogendocrinegglandsglocatedgadjacentgtogthegkidneysgingmammals.
gEndocrinegcellsgingthegoutergportiong(cortex)grespondgtogadrenocorticotropicghormoneg(
ACTH)gbygsecretinggsteroidghormonesgthatghelpgmaintainghomeostasisgduringglong-
termgstress.gNeurosecretorygcellsgingthegcentralgportiong(medulla)gsecretegepinephrineg
andgnorepinephrinegingresponsegtognervegsignalsgtriggeredgbygshort-termgstress.
aerobicgrespirationg-
gANSWERgggAgcatabolicgpathwaygforgorganicgmolecules,gusinggoxygen g(O2)(O2)gasgtheg
finalgelectrongacceptorgingangelectrongtransportgchaingandgultimatelygproducinggATP.gTh
isgisgthegmostgefficientgcatabolicgpathwaygandgisgcarriedgoutgingmostgeukaryoticgcellsgand
gmanygprokaryoticgorganisms.
agegstructureg-
gANSWERgggThegrelativegnumbergofgindividualsgofgeachgagegingagpopulation.
aggregategfruitg-
gANSWERgggAgfruitgderivedgfromgagsinglegflowergthatghasgmoregthangonegcarpel.
AIDSg(acquiredgimmunodeficiencygsyndrome)g-
gANSWERgggThegsymptomsgandgsignsgpresentgduringgtheglategstagesgofgHIVginfection,gd
efinedgbygagspecifiedgreductiongingthegnumbergofgTgcellsgandgthegappearancegofgcharact
eristicgsecondaryginfections.
alcoholgfermentationg-
gANSWERgggGlycolysisgfollowedgbygthegreductiongofgpyruvategtogethylgalcohol,gregenera
tinggNAD+NAD+gandgreleasinggcarbongdioxide.
algag(plural,galgae)g-
gANSWERgggAggeneralgtermgforganygspeciesgofgphotosyntheticgprotist,gincludinggbothguni
cellulargandgmulticellulargforms.gAlgalgspeciesgaregincludedgingthreegeukaryotegsupergr
oupsg(Excavata,gSAR,gandgArchaeplastida).
alimentarygcanalg(al′-uh-men′-tuh-rē)g-
gANSWERgggAgcompletegdigestivegtract,gconsistinggofgagtubegrunninggbetweengagmouthg
andganganus.
alkalinegventg-gANSWERgggAgdeep-
seaghydrothermalgventgthatgreleasesgwatergthatgisgwarmg(40-
90°C)grathergthanghotgandgthatghasgaghighgpHg(isgbasic).gThesegventsgconsistgofgtinygpor
esglinedgwithgirongandgothergcatalyticgmineralsgthatgsomegscientistsghypothesizegmightgh
avegbeengtheglocationgofgthegearliestgabioticgsynthesisgofgorganicgcompounds.
alleleg(uh-lē′-ul)g-
gANSWERgggAnygofgthegalternativegversionsgofgaggenegthatgmaygproducegdistinguishable
gphenotypicgeffects.
allopatricgspeciationg(al′-uh-pat′-rik)g-
gANSWERgggThegformationgofgnewgspeciesgingpopulationsgthatgareggeographicallygisolat
edgfromgoneganother.
