02: GENERAL BIOLOGY SEMESTER 02
REVIEWER // Q U A R T E R 4 WPSPF
MODIFYING TECHNIQUE
CLASSICAL BREEDING
↪ Focus on controlled pollination of
plants and the mating of
organisms with desirable qualities
GENETIC BREEDING
↪ Involves the use of molecular
techniques to modify the traits of a
target organism
MODIFYING TECHNIQUE
CLASSICAL BREEDING
GENETIC ENGINEERING
→ selectively crossing plants or animals → is the process of artificial
to create offspring with desired traits, manipulation, modification, and
relying on natural genetic variation and recombination of DNA or other nucleic
processes like hybridization and acid molecules in order to modify an
selection, without directly manipulating organism or population of organisms.
genes. ● Artificial selection
● artificial insemination,
● in vitro fertilization (e.g.,
“test-tube” babies)
● Cloning
● gene manipulation.
→ GENETIC INFORMATION is transferred
via a vector.
→ A vector can be a bacterium, through
its circular DNA called a plasmid, or a
CONS virus. A specific target genetic segment
● Reduces the gene pool of the is spliced into a bacterial plasmid and
population allowed to be replicated.
● Best individuals are closely related
causing INBREEDING, prone to disease
or inherited defects
1
, 02: GENERAL BIOLOGY SEMESTER 02
REVIEWER // Q U A R T E R 4 WPSPF
STEP 2. CUTTING OR CLEAVAGE OF DNA BY
RESTRICTION ENZYMES (RES)
→ Restriction enzymes are DNA-cutting
enzymes.
→ EcoRI (restriction endonuclease
enzyme isolated from species E. coli), a
common restriction enzyme used in
labs. EcoRI cuts at the following site:
→ the enzyme cuts is G/AATTC, which has
a palindromic, complementary
sequence of CTTAA/G.
MODIFICATION OF TRAITS
STEP 3: SELECTION OF AN APPROPRIATE
1. introduction of new traits into an
VECTOR
organism
→ A vehicle which would propagate the
2. enhancement of a present trait by
recombinant DNA ( e.g. circular
increasing theexpression of the
plasmid in bacteria with a foreign gene
desired gene
of interest)
3. enhancement of a present trait by
disrupting the inhibition of the
desired genes’ expression.
GENERAL STEPS OF RECOMBINANT DNA STEP 4: LIGATION OF THE GENE OF INTEREST
WITH THE VECTOR
TECHNOLOGY
→ DNA ligase’s job is to join fragments of
newly synthesized DNA to form a
STEP 1. ISOLATING OF DNA
seamless strand.
2
REVIEWER // Q U A R T E R 4 WPSPF
MODIFYING TECHNIQUE
CLASSICAL BREEDING
↪ Focus on controlled pollination of
plants and the mating of
organisms with desirable qualities
GENETIC BREEDING
↪ Involves the use of molecular
techniques to modify the traits of a
target organism
MODIFYING TECHNIQUE
CLASSICAL BREEDING
GENETIC ENGINEERING
→ selectively crossing plants or animals → is the process of artificial
to create offspring with desired traits, manipulation, modification, and
relying on natural genetic variation and recombination of DNA or other nucleic
processes like hybridization and acid molecules in order to modify an
selection, without directly manipulating organism or population of organisms.
genes. ● Artificial selection
● artificial insemination,
● in vitro fertilization (e.g.,
“test-tube” babies)
● Cloning
● gene manipulation.
→ GENETIC INFORMATION is transferred
via a vector.
→ A vector can be a bacterium, through
its circular DNA called a plasmid, or a
CONS virus. A specific target genetic segment
● Reduces the gene pool of the is spliced into a bacterial plasmid and
population allowed to be replicated.
● Best individuals are closely related
causing INBREEDING, prone to disease
or inherited defects
1
, 02: GENERAL BIOLOGY SEMESTER 02
REVIEWER // Q U A R T E R 4 WPSPF
STEP 2. CUTTING OR CLEAVAGE OF DNA BY
RESTRICTION ENZYMES (RES)
→ Restriction enzymes are DNA-cutting
enzymes.
→ EcoRI (restriction endonuclease
enzyme isolated from species E. coli), a
common restriction enzyme used in
labs. EcoRI cuts at the following site:
→ the enzyme cuts is G/AATTC, which has
a palindromic, complementary
sequence of CTTAA/G.
MODIFICATION OF TRAITS
STEP 3: SELECTION OF AN APPROPRIATE
1. introduction of new traits into an
VECTOR
organism
→ A vehicle which would propagate the
2. enhancement of a present trait by
recombinant DNA ( e.g. circular
increasing theexpression of the
plasmid in bacteria with a foreign gene
desired gene
of interest)
3. enhancement of a present trait by
disrupting the inhibition of the
desired genes’ expression.
GENERAL STEPS OF RECOMBINANT DNA STEP 4: LIGATION OF THE GENE OF INTEREST
WITH THE VECTOR
TECHNOLOGY
→ DNA ligase’s job is to join fragments of
newly synthesized DNA to form a
STEP 1. ISOLATING OF DNA
seamless strand.
2
