Statistiek Handboek
,Inhoudsopgave
BESCHRIJVENDE STATISTIEK........................................................................................................................... 4
ONAFHANKELIJKE EN AFHANKELIJKE VARIABELE............................................................................................ 5
VORM VAN EEN VERDELING........................................................................................................................... 5
SYMBOLEN.................................................................................................................................................... 6
MEETNIVEAUS............................................................................................................................................... 7
NOMINAAL...............................................................................................................................................................7
ORDINAAL................................................................................................................................................................7
INTERVAL.................................................................................................................................................................7
RATIO......................................................................................................................................................................7
UNI-, BI EN MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES............................................................................................................ 8
UNIVARIATE ANALYSE.................................................................................................................................................8
BIVARIATE ANALYSE...................................................................................................................................................8
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSE.............................................................................................................................................8
UNIVARIATE ANALYSE: GRAFISCH EN NUMERIEK BESCHRIJVEN......................................................................9
GRAFISCH EEN KWALITATIEVE VARIABELE BESCHRIJVEN.....................................................................................................9
Staafdiagram (bar chart).................................................................................................................................9
Taartdiagram (piechart)..................................................................................................................................9
Boxplot...........................................................................................................................................................10
GRAFISCH EEN KWANTITATIEVE VARIABELE BESCHRIJVEN................................................................................................10
Histogram......................................................................................................................................................10
NUMERIEK EEN KWALITATIEVE OF KWANTITATIEVE VARIABELE BESCHRIJVEN.......................................................................12
Frequentietabel.............................................................................................................................................12
Centrummaten..............................................................................................................................................12
Spreidingsmaten............................................................................................................................................13
RELATIEVE POSITIE....................................................................................................................................... 15
PERCENTIELSCORES..................................................................................................................................................15
Z-SCORES...............................................................................................................................................................15
OUTLIERS..................................................................................................................................................... 17
OUTLIERS BEPALEN MET BOXPLOT..............................................................................................................................17
OUTLIERS BEPALEN MET Z-SCORES.............................................................................................................................17
SAMENHANGSMATEN BIJ KWALITATIEVE VARIABELEN................................................................................18
KRUISTABELANALYSE................................................................................................................................................18
CHI KWADRAAT.......................................................................................................................................................19
CRAMERS V............................................................................................................................................................21
KENDALLS RANGCORRELATIE......................................................................................................................................22
SPEARMANS RANGCORRELATIE...................................................................................................................................23
COHEN’S D............................................................................................................................................................24
SAMENHANGSMATEN BIJ KWANTITATIEVE VARIABELEN..............................................................................26
PEARSONS CORRELATIECOËFFICIËNT............................................................................................................................26
Enkelvoudige regressieanalyse......................................................................................................................27
Verklaringskracht model: coëfficiënt van determinatie................................................................................28
Regressieanalyse multivariate analyse.........................................................................................................29
DUMMYVARIABELEN IN DE REGRESSIE......................................................................................................... 30
NIET-LINEAIRE VERBANDEN......................................................................................................................... 33
2
,HOGERE ORDE MODELLEN........................................................................................................................... 34
MODERATIE MET DUMMY’S........................................................................................................................ 35
MODERATIE MET TWEE KWANTITATIEVE PREDICTOREN..............................................................................38
TOETSEN ALGEMEEN.................................................................................................................................... 39
POPULATIE BESCHRIJVEN...........................................................................................................................................39
STEEKPROEVENVERDELING........................................................................................................................................39
STAPPENPLAN HYPOTHESETOETSING...........................................................................................................................39
EENZIJDIG EN TWEEZIJDIG TOETSEN............................................................................................................................40
TOETSEN VAN 1 VARIABELE (UNIVARIATE ANALYSE)....................................................................................42
NOMINAAL/ORDINAAL.............................................................................................................................................42
INTERVAL/RATIO (Z-TOETS/T-TOETS)...........................................................................................................................45
TOETSEN VAN 2 VARIABELEN (BIVARIATE ANALYSES)...................................................................................47
KRUISTABEL/CHI2-TOETS/CRAMER’S V........................................................................................................................47
SPEARMANS RANGCORRELATIE EN KENDALLS TAU.........................................................................................................49
T-TOETS AFHANKELIJKE GROEPEN/COHEN’S D...............................................................................................................51
T-TOETS ONAFHANKELIJKE GROEPEN/COHEN’S D...........................................................................................................53
ONE-WAY ANOVA (VARIANTIE-ANALYSE)...................................................................................................................55
PEARSONS CORRELATIE EN REGRESSIEANALYSE (ENKELVOUDIGE REGRESSIEANALYSE)...........................................................58
TOETSEN VAN 3 OF MEER VARIABELEN (MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES).............................................................62
TWO-WAY ANOVA (MULTIVARIAAT).........................................................................................................................62
MULTIVARIATE REGRESSIEANALYSE.............................................................................................................................64
MODERATIE IN REGRESSIEANALYSE TOETSEN................................................................................................................69
MEDIATIE IN REGRESSIEANALYSE TOETSEN...................................................................................................................70
OVERIG........................................................................................................................................................ 74
TYPE I-FOUT EN TYPE-II-FOUT...................................................................................................................................74
BETROUWBAARHEIDSINTERVAL..................................................................................................................................75
ERROR BAR CHART...................................................................................................................................................79
TOETSINGSGROOTHEID F BEPALEN..............................................................................................................................80
OPSPLITSING KWADRATENSOMMEN............................................................................................................................81
BELANGRIJKSTE AANSTURINGEN SPSS.......................................................................................................... 82
3
, Beschrijvende statistiek
4
,Inhoudsopgave
BESCHRIJVENDE STATISTIEK........................................................................................................................... 4
ONAFHANKELIJKE EN AFHANKELIJKE VARIABELE............................................................................................ 5
VORM VAN EEN VERDELING........................................................................................................................... 5
SYMBOLEN.................................................................................................................................................... 6
MEETNIVEAUS............................................................................................................................................... 7
NOMINAAL...............................................................................................................................................................7
ORDINAAL................................................................................................................................................................7
INTERVAL.................................................................................................................................................................7
RATIO......................................................................................................................................................................7
UNI-, BI EN MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES............................................................................................................ 8
UNIVARIATE ANALYSE.................................................................................................................................................8
BIVARIATE ANALYSE...................................................................................................................................................8
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSE.............................................................................................................................................8
UNIVARIATE ANALYSE: GRAFISCH EN NUMERIEK BESCHRIJVEN......................................................................9
GRAFISCH EEN KWALITATIEVE VARIABELE BESCHRIJVEN.....................................................................................................9
Staafdiagram (bar chart).................................................................................................................................9
Taartdiagram (piechart)..................................................................................................................................9
Boxplot...........................................................................................................................................................10
GRAFISCH EEN KWANTITATIEVE VARIABELE BESCHRIJVEN................................................................................................10
Histogram......................................................................................................................................................10
NUMERIEK EEN KWALITATIEVE OF KWANTITATIEVE VARIABELE BESCHRIJVEN.......................................................................12
Frequentietabel.............................................................................................................................................12
Centrummaten..............................................................................................................................................12
Spreidingsmaten............................................................................................................................................13
RELATIEVE POSITIE....................................................................................................................................... 15
PERCENTIELSCORES..................................................................................................................................................15
Z-SCORES...............................................................................................................................................................15
OUTLIERS..................................................................................................................................................... 17
OUTLIERS BEPALEN MET BOXPLOT..............................................................................................................................17
OUTLIERS BEPALEN MET Z-SCORES.............................................................................................................................17
SAMENHANGSMATEN BIJ KWALITATIEVE VARIABELEN................................................................................18
KRUISTABELANALYSE................................................................................................................................................18
CHI KWADRAAT.......................................................................................................................................................19
CRAMERS V............................................................................................................................................................21
KENDALLS RANGCORRELATIE......................................................................................................................................22
SPEARMANS RANGCORRELATIE...................................................................................................................................23
COHEN’S D............................................................................................................................................................24
SAMENHANGSMATEN BIJ KWANTITATIEVE VARIABELEN..............................................................................26
PEARSONS CORRELATIECOËFFICIËNT............................................................................................................................26
Enkelvoudige regressieanalyse......................................................................................................................27
Verklaringskracht model: coëfficiënt van determinatie................................................................................28
Regressieanalyse multivariate analyse.........................................................................................................29
DUMMYVARIABELEN IN DE REGRESSIE......................................................................................................... 30
NIET-LINEAIRE VERBANDEN......................................................................................................................... 33
2
,HOGERE ORDE MODELLEN........................................................................................................................... 34
MODERATIE MET DUMMY’S........................................................................................................................ 35
MODERATIE MET TWEE KWANTITATIEVE PREDICTOREN..............................................................................38
TOETSEN ALGEMEEN.................................................................................................................................... 39
POPULATIE BESCHRIJVEN...........................................................................................................................................39
STEEKPROEVENVERDELING........................................................................................................................................39
STAPPENPLAN HYPOTHESETOETSING...........................................................................................................................39
EENZIJDIG EN TWEEZIJDIG TOETSEN............................................................................................................................40
TOETSEN VAN 1 VARIABELE (UNIVARIATE ANALYSE)....................................................................................42
NOMINAAL/ORDINAAL.............................................................................................................................................42
INTERVAL/RATIO (Z-TOETS/T-TOETS)...........................................................................................................................45
TOETSEN VAN 2 VARIABELEN (BIVARIATE ANALYSES)...................................................................................47
KRUISTABEL/CHI2-TOETS/CRAMER’S V........................................................................................................................47
SPEARMANS RANGCORRELATIE EN KENDALLS TAU.........................................................................................................49
T-TOETS AFHANKELIJKE GROEPEN/COHEN’S D...............................................................................................................51
T-TOETS ONAFHANKELIJKE GROEPEN/COHEN’S D...........................................................................................................53
ONE-WAY ANOVA (VARIANTIE-ANALYSE)...................................................................................................................55
PEARSONS CORRELATIE EN REGRESSIEANALYSE (ENKELVOUDIGE REGRESSIEANALYSE)...........................................................58
TOETSEN VAN 3 OF MEER VARIABELEN (MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES).............................................................62
TWO-WAY ANOVA (MULTIVARIAAT).........................................................................................................................62
MULTIVARIATE REGRESSIEANALYSE.............................................................................................................................64
MODERATIE IN REGRESSIEANALYSE TOETSEN................................................................................................................69
MEDIATIE IN REGRESSIEANALYSE TOETSEN...................................................................................................................70
OVERIG........................................................................................................................................................ 74
TYPE I-FOUT EN TYPE-II-FOUT...................................................................................................................................74
BETROUWBAARHEIDSINTERVAL..................................................................................................................................75
ERROR BAR CHART...................................................................................................................................................79
TOETSINGSGROOTHEID F BEPALEN..............................................................................................................................80
OPSPLITSING KWADRATENSOMMEN............................................................................................................................81
BELANGRIJKSTE AANSTURINGEN SPSS.......................................................................................................... 82
3
, Beschrijvende statistiek
4
