Crowd Management & Control Exam Questions and Answers Graded A+
Crowd management - Answers is about facilitating the movement and enjoyment of people
Crowd control - Answers is about the actions taken to organise the crowd once disorder/undesirable
behaviour occurs
What is a crowd? - Answers characteristics include:
- sizeable number of people
- at a specific location
- for a measurable time period
- with common goals and displaying common behaviour
Crowd density - Answers - a key role is to identify a safe density
- avoiding build up of a crowd, or surge to the front
- monitoring and appropriate exit points, avoidance of panic and rushing
Fruin (1993) - Answers Identified four factors which can raise probability of crowd disaster:
1. increased force
2. lack of information
3. poor design of space
4. unmanaged timing
Challenger (2013) - Answers Identified poor crowd management problems:
1. poor planning and action plans
2. weak control systems
3. poor experience and knowledge of staff
4. overlooking external risks
Security Industry Authority - Answers Having SIA approved staff
- Hillsborough weren't using properly trained staff
Berlonghi (1995) - Answers Looked at crowd catalysts:
- event activities
, - performers actions
- spectators actions
- security behaviour
- weather
- man made problems
- operational circumstances
Planning actions - Answers - establishing chain of command
- staff selection and training
- inter agency liason
- monitoring and report systems
- communication systems
- contingency planning
Momboisse (1967) - Answers Types of Crowd
conventional crowds = ones which are gathered for a specific purpose or to observe a specific event,
share common interests
expressive crowds = involved in expressive behaviour such as singing or dancing
Reicher (2001) - Answers Crowds can be considered to have their own personality and shared social
identity
Group Mind Theory (Le Bon, 1908) - Answers - individuals when submerged in a crowd are subject to a
panic 'contagion' which serves to quickly and unpredictably spread ideas
- results in rapid shifts in behaviour
- unconscious, antisocial and uncivilised motives are released and the crowd behave according to
primitive, savage instincts, for example panic flight or stampede
Festinger (1952) - Answers Coined the term 'deindividuation'
- process whereby there is a loss of a sense of socialised individual self-awareness
- crowd situations foster anonymity and susceptibility to external cues to the crowds motives and
emotions
Crowd management - Answers is about facilitating the movement and enjoyment of people
Crowd control - Answers is about the actions taken to organise the crowd once disorder/undesirable
behaviour occurs
What is a crowd? - Answers characteristics include:
- sizeable number of people
- at a specific location
- for a measurable time period
- with common goals and displaying common behaviour
Crowd density - Answers - a key role is to identify a safe density
- avoiding build up of a crowd, or surge to the front
- monitoring and appropriate exit points, avoidance of panic and rushing
Fruin (1993) - Answers Identified four factors which can raise probability of crowd disaster:
1. increased force
2. lack of information
3. poor design of space
4. unmanaged timing
Challenger (2013) - Answers Identified poor crowd management problems:
1. poor planning and action plans
2. weak control systems
3. poor experience and knowledge of staff
4. overlooking external risks
Security Industry Authority - Answers Having SIA approved staff
- Hillsborough weren't using properly trained staff
Berlonghi (1995) - Answers Looked at crowd catalysts:
- event activities
, - performers actions
- spectators actions
- security behaviour
- weather
- man made problems
- operational circumstances
Planning actions - Answers - establishing chain of command
- staff selection and training
- inter agency liason
- monitoring and report systems
- communication systems
- contingency planning
Momboisse (1967) - Answers Types of Crowd
conventional crowds = ones which are gathered for a specific purpose or to observe a specific event,
share common interests
expressive crowds = involved in expressive behaviour such as singing or dancing
Reicher (2001) - Answers Crowds can be considered to have their own personality and shared social
identity
Group Mind Theory (Le Bon, 1908) - Answers - individuals when submerged in a crowd are subject to a
panic 'contagion' which serves to quickly and unpredictably spread ideas
- results in rapid shifts in behaviour
- unconscious, antisocial and uncivilised motives are released and the crowd behave according to
primitive, savage instincts, for example panic flight or stampede
Festinger (1952) - Answers Coined the term 'deindividuation'
- process whereby there is a loss of a sense of socialised individual self-awareness
- crowd situations foster anonymity and susceptibility to external cues to the crowds motives and
emotions
